1.3. Types of Tissues

Question 1

Histology

Answer 1

Study of tissue

Question 2

Tissue

Answer 2

Cells with similar structure and function

Question 3

Types of Tissues

Answer 3

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nervous

Question 4

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 4

Covering or lining tissue

Question 5

Special Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Answer 5

• Composed of cells
• Covers the surface
• Has an exposed surface
• Attached to basal surface
• Specialized cell connections and matrix attachments
• Avascular (absence of blood vessels)
• Capable or regeneration
• Exogrine and Endocrine glands

Question 6

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Answer 6

• Protects the underlying surface
• Acts as a barrier
• Permits passage of substances (gas exchange)
• Secreting substances (sweat and mucous glands)
• Absorption of substances (digest food, intestine)

Question 7

2 Basis of Epithelial Tissues’ Classification

Answer 7

NUMBER OF PRESENT CELL LAYERS
Simple Epithelium - single
Stratified Epithelium - 2 or more

SHAPE OF THE CELL
Squamous - flat and scalelike
Cuboidal - cube shaped, as wide as they are tall
Columnar - taller than they are wide

Question 8

Simple Epithelium

Answer 8

Single cell layer (basement membrane to free surface)

Question 9

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 9

• Single layer of flat, hexagonal cells
• Diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection
• Blood & lymphatic vessels, heart, alveoli kidney tubules, lining of body cavities’ serous membrane

Question 10

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 10

• Single layer of cube shaped cells
• Secretion & absorption of kidney tubules, movement of particles in mucus out of bronchioles
• Endocrine glands, kidney tubules, brain, bronchioles, ovaries

Question 11

Simple Columbar Epithelium

Answer 11

• Single layer of tall, narrow cells, have cilia & microvili (layers are at same levels)
• Movement of particles out of bronchioles, movement of oocytes through uterine tubes, secretion of glands, absorption by cells of intestine
• Glands & ducts, bronchioles, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, ventricles

Question 12

Pseudostartified Columbar Epithelium

Answer 12

• Falsely stratified, one cell layer with all cells attached to basement membrane
• Ciliated cells
• Presence of Goblet Cells
• Cells are at different levels and appear stratified
• Synthesize and secrete mucus into free surface
• Nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

Question 13

Stratified Epithelium

Answer 13

• More than one cell layer
• Basal layer attaches deepest layer to basement membrane

Question 14

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 14

• Cuboidal cells in basal layer & flattened toward surface
• Protects against abrasion, forms barrier against infection, reduce loss of water from body
• Keratinized and Non-Keratinized

Question 15

Keratinized

Answer 15

• Cytoplasm is replaced by Keratin (protein)
• Outer layer of skin
• Makes skin waterproof
• Show presence of nucleated dead cells

Question 16

Non- Keratinized

Answer 16

• Surface cells retain nucleus and cytoplasm
• Where oldest cells are found
• Nucleated cells are alive
• Superficial open to internal surface, mouth, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, corneas

Question 17

Transitional Epithelium

Answer 17

• Cuboidal when organ or tube is not stretched
• Squamous when organ or tube is stretched
• Accommodates fluctuations in volume of fluid, protects against caustic urine effects
• Stretches numbe rof layers are lessened so cells cna easily pass through
• Urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra

Question 18

Cilia

Answer 18

• Move materials over top of cells
• Allows movement of substances

Question 19

Microvili

Answer 19

Increase surface area

Question 20

Cell Connections

Answer 20

• Hold one cell to another
• Hold one cell to basement membrane
• Binds cells together
• Help form permeability barrier
• Provide me hanism for intercellular communication

Question 21

Cell Connectors

Answer 21

DEMOSOMES - bind cells together
HEMIDESMOSOMES - between cell and cell membrane
TIGHT JUNCTIONS - forms barrier and anchors cells to each other (intestine linings)
ADHESION BELTS - prevent passage of materials between epithelial cells (below tight junctions)
GAP JUNCTIONS - allow small molecules & ions to pass from one epithelial cell to adjacent

Question 22

Glands

Answer 22

Secretory organ that secrete substances

Question 23

Gland Classification According to Modes of Secretion

Answer 23

MEROCRINE - release secretory products by exocytosis
APOCRINE - release of secretory products as oinched off fragements of gland cells
HOLOCRINE - involves shedding of entire cells

Question 24

Types of Glands

Answer 24

EXOCRINE - with ducts (transport secreted material to free surface) lined with epithelium
ENDOCRINE - ductless gland, secrete products into bloodstream

Question 25

Unicellular Gland

Answer 25

Single cell

Question 26

Simple Gland

Answer 26

Multicellular, single unbranched duct

Question 27

Types of Simple Glands

Answer 27

Simple Tubular Simple Branched Tubular Simple Acinar Simple Branched Acinar

Question 28

Simple Tubular

Answer 28

Glands forming straight tube with no branching of secretiry portion

Question 29

Simple Branched Tubular

Answer 29

Gland with several tubular secretory portions branching from single duct

Question 30

Simple Acinar

Answer 30

Glands with single sac like secretory gland

Question 31

Simple Branched Acinar

Answer 31

Glands with several acinar secretiry portions branching from single duct

Question 32

Compound Glands

Answer 32

Multicellular, several ducts

Question 33

Types of Compound Glands

Answer 33

Compound Tubular Compound Acinar Compound Tubuloacinar

Question 34

Compound Tubular

Answer 34

Glands with multiple ducts, with narrow tubular secretory portion

Question 35

Compound Acinar

Answer 35

Glands with multiple ducts, with several sac lik secretory portion

Question 36

Compount Tubuloacinar

Answer 36

Glands with multiple ducts, several tubular and acinar secretory portion

Question 37

Shapes of Secretory Regions

Answer 37

TUBULAR - shaped as tubules ACINAR or ALVEOLAR - shaped in savlike structures

Question 38

Connective Tissue

Answer 38

- Make up part of every organ - Enclose and separate tissues - Connect tissue to one another - Support and move parts - Store compounds - Cushion and insulate - Transport - Protect

Question 39

Connective Tissue Cells

Answer 39

- Produce extracellular matrix OSTEOBLAST - bone-forming cells OSTEOCYTES - bone cells OSTEOCLAST - bone destroying cells FIBROBLAST - form fibrous ct FIBROCYTES - maintain fibrous ct CHONDROBLAST - form cartilage and chondrocytes WBC or LEUKOCYTES - liquid type of ct MACROPHAGES - capable of phagocytizing (neutrophil) foreign substances MAST CELLS - nonmotile cells that release chemicals

Question 40

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 40

COMPONENTS - Protein Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) - Ground Substance - Fluid MATRIX STRUCTURE - Responsible for functional characteristics of ct

Question 41

Matrix Protein Fibers

Answer 41

COLLAGEN FIBERS - microscopic ropes, flexible but resist stretching RETICULAR FIBERS - short, colagen fibers; form supporting network ELASTIC FIBERS - Have ability to return to original shape, give elastic quality

Question 42

Matrix Ground Substance

Answer 42

- Trap large quantities of water between polysaccharides - Return to original shape PROTEOGLYCANS - consist protein core attached to polysaccharides