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Truck Company Skills And Tactics > 13 Verical Ventilation > Flashcards

13 Verical Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

The preferred location for vertical venting is directly over seat of fire, but only if

A

It is judged to be a safe place

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2
Q

Before stepping onto any roof firefighters should first

A

Read the roof- the condition of it
Sound the roof- test its condition
And continue to do so as you move along it

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3
Q

If smoke or darkness makes roof reading difficult, what can be used to aid

A

Thermal imager

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4
Q

Every roof should be sounded with a hand tool except

A

A slate roof

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5
Q

Firefighters should leave the roof when

A

Vent is complete or conditions become unstable or dangerous

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6
Q

Primary hazard with vertical vent

A

On high steep surfaces with slip and fall hazard

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7
Q

Voltage of roof top solar panels

A

Up to 600 volts and 8 amps

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8
Q

When firefighters are on a roof the building should be laddered on how many sides

A

At least two, but on all sides if resources permit.

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9
Q

If ladders cannot reach the roof what methods should be used to gain access

A

Interior sitar ways,
exterior fire escapes
Adjoining buildings

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10
Q

To read a roof means

A

To observe the conditions of it, construction features and other indicators to unsafe conditions.

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11
Q

Roof conditions can be read from a position of safety such as

A

A parapet wall or aerial device

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12
Q

Things to be read of the roof before stepping onto it are

A

Age
Type of roof structure
Location and orientation of roof support members
Type and condition of roof coverings
Heavy tanks, machinery, solar, other loads
Visible smoke or fire

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13
Q

Skylights and vents can offer insight to the location of rafters or joists because

A

They are positioned between them.

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14
Q

Weathering of roof surface over time can reveal what

A

The rafter locations and how they are oriented

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15
Q

Thermal imagers can be used to identify what on the roof

A

Hot spots and rafters

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16
Q

Specific roof hazards to look for on a roof before stepping on, that indicate possible stability issues

A

Sagging roof surface
Roof vents are unusually tall (indicates sagging roof)
Large puddles of water
Smoke from roof vents
Heavy dead loads
Drop offs from light wells or varying roof elevations
Solar panels

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17
Q

If a roof is unstable vertical vent efforts may have to be done while working off of a

A

Aerial device

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18
Q

Sounding of a roof should be done with

A

The blunt end of a pike pole, rubbish hook, or axe head

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19
Q

In poor visibility, probing a roof surface can also reveal

A

Solar panels, vegetation, features, holes

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20
Q

A roof will sound

A

Hollow between rafters and solid over them, bounce in void space, and less so over rafters.

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21
Q

Roofs that have what, may not provide clear indications when sounded

A

Several layers of shingles or roof coverings

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22
Q

Roofs covered with slate or tile cannot be sounded, they must be

A

Have sections removed to reveal and inspect the surface

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23
Q

Ladders for roof access should be placed away from

A

Windows and wires, windows may vent fire and damage ladders or cut off escape

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24
Q

While on the ladde, one hand should sound with a tool while the other

A

Holds onto the ladder

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25
Q

Firefighters should walk only over that while on roofs

A

Structural members.

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26
Q

Poles on a roof should be made from what area to the other

A

Uninvolved toward involved

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27
Q

In relation the the hole and egress, firefighters should work or position themselves where

A

Firefighters should be between involved area and egress

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28
Q

If walking the ridge of a peaked roof, firefighters should walk how

A

With one foot on either end of the ridge pole

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29
Q

The strongest points of any roof are where

A

The roof meets the exterior walls
Directly over roof supports
At ridges or valleys

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30
Q

The weakest part of a roof is where

A

Between supports

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31
Q

Firefighters should never jump onto a roof because

A

They may fall through a weakened surface from weight on a single point or shock load cause structural failure

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32
Q

Roof ladders should not be used on weakened roofs, there are only used for

A

More secure footing on pitched roofs

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33
Q

Ideally, roof operations are done with the wind in what direction

A

At the firefighters backs

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34
Q

If the seat of the fire is on the windward side it may push fire and smoke toward roof crews, in this case what may be needed

A

A charged hose line on the roof.

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35
Q

Pertinent safety info for using a hose line on a roof

A 
Wind direction and intensity
Size of roof
Type of roof covering. 
Time needed to vent
Time needed to deploy hose
Additional ffs needed for the hose
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36
Q

A hose line may not be needed on a single family home because the operation can be done and exited form quickly, however it may be needed on

A

An industrial or commercial roof, large area building

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37
Q

A hose line on a roof can be used for extinguishing

A

Spot fires on combustible roof surfaces

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38
Q

If a hose stream is needed to direct a thermal column from a vent opening on a roof the stream should be positioned how

A

Horizontally across it or at a slight upward angle but never directly into it.

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39
Q

While firefighters first test a roof surface by bouncing on it or sounding with a tool they should maintain

A

Contact with the ladder

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40
Q

While operations or moving along a roof firefighters should sound continuously and also stop occasionally to

A

Bounce on it and see if feeling has changed

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41
Q

The location for ventilation exit openings will generally be determined by several factors like

A 
Layout of building
Coordination with interior crews
Initial size up of situation
Smoke coming from existing openings
Smoke or fire coming from roof coverings
Blisters in covering
Sagging roof
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42
Q

Casters are usually spaced

A

12-24 inches apart on center, spanning shortest distance form bearing walls

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43
Q

If direction or location of rafters is unknown and unable to be determined, what method wil find them

A

Make a diagonal 45* cut toward any exterior wall until a rafter is hit. After about three feet it is likely to hit one. If stiff unknown make a cut parallel with exterior wall for 2-3 ft. If no rafter is it it is presumed the fosters move parallel with the second cut.

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44
Q

Following precautions to be considered when venting a roof

A

Know the location of emergency exit points
Use existing openings if appropriate to minimize damage
Keep safe distance form cutting tools in use
Do not make holes between ff and escapes
Don’t cut rafters
Begin vent on leeward side moving back toward the wind
Remove ceiling below if possible
Get off once done

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45
Q

A distance of what is recommended from anyone using a cutting tool on a roof

A

10 ft in all directions, unless being used as a guide or back up.

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46
Q

Most common cutting tools for vent

A

Rotary, chain saw, pick head axe

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47
Q

Shuffle step

A

Method of keeping both feet on the roof of all times

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48
Q

Before and during the actual opening of the roof, the following items must be considered

A

Verify attack lines are charged and rdy
Evaluating roof construction type and condition
Providing secondary means of egress to roof
Observing weather, temp, humidity, wind speed and direction
Note any obstructions or dead loads on roof
Locate seat of fire
Reading the roof continually
Use existing openings when appropriate
Cut one large hole instead of several small
Enlarge opening instead of making more
Tracking time of incident

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49
Q

Because of its versatility and safety when used by a well trained operator, what is the preferred cutting tool in roof ops

A

Chain saw

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50
Q

Before using the chain saw, what must be checked to be working

A

Chain oiler

51
Q

Citing a roof with a chainsaw, the bar is used how

A

The bottom of the bar cuts, just the tip of the bar, not the heel like for large members

52
Q

Cutting off the roof surface with a pick head should be done as close to the rafters as possible to prevent

A

Deflection of the roof surface (bounce)

53
Q

Another use for a pick head on the roof is

A

Scraping away roofing materials and pea gravel

54
Q

The axe should be used with short cutting strokes to the side of the ff feet, not

A

Not between the feet

55
Q

With roofs covered in shakes or shingles, it is more efficient for firefighters to cut the roof with an axe if

A

The shingles are scraped off first

56
Q

When stripping decking off s roof after being cut, it is done by

A

Using a hook or pick head and inserting it into the leeward cross cut and pulling back toward the ff, while standing on the side of the hole

57
Q

A sledge hammer or flat head axe can be used on what type of roof

A

Slate or tile roof

58
Q

Pitch of a roof is expressed in

A

Inches of fall per horizontal foot, 12” out from roof at 90, how many inches down 12/12 is a 45 pitch

59
Q

Most common roof pitch in milder climates

A

5-12

60
Q

Stick built pitched roofs in residential construction are typically made of rafters at what size

A

2x6
2x4 trusses
Spaced 16-24” on center

61
Q

Mono pitch trusses

A

Truss with lonely one angle, one support web in the middle. More prone to failure than conventional truss. Used for a shed style roof

62
Q

Bridge truss

A

Mansard shaped. Diagonal wooden web members in one direction with vertical metal tie rods joining the webs. Trusses are often 2x12, joists usually 2x6-8. Spaced 16-20 feet

63
Q

Likelihood of collapse is dependent on

A

Dimensions of material used
Unsupported distance
Live and dead loads
Duration of fire exposure

64
Q

Pitched roofs can be a hazard even when dry because of

A

Gravel texture of asphalt shingles, loose tiles or shingles,

65
Q

On metal decked roofs it may be possible to remove an entire panel by

A

Prying at the edges or removing screws and nails

66
Q

To allow drainage, flat roofs often have what type of pitch

A

2-12 front to back for drainage

67
Q

Space between a flat roof covering and ceiling below is called

A

Attic
Cockloft
Crawl space
Interstitial space

68
Q

Inverted roof

A

Structural members below the top roof surface, ceiling attached to that, framed space above them to roof surface.

69
Q

Roofs sheathed with planks are easier to strip but harder to

A

Louver or trench cut

70
Q

Because lightweight concrete roofs are hard to breach they are often provided with

A

Knockout or removable panels for access

71
Q

Generally the fastest and most practical way of venting a concrete roof is

A

Using existing openings like bulk heads, skylights, scuttles, ventilators

72
Q

Poured gypsum roof

A

Gypsum is poured over gypsum board, with wire mesh re enforcement up to 2.5 inches thick

73
Q

Modern mansard roofs are typically supported by what type of structural member

A

Bridge trusses

74
Q

Wooden or metal access ladders built into the side of a building leading to the roof should not be used because

A

Age and weathering may have made them unstable and unsafe

75
Q

Modern mansard roofs

A

Steep side walls to the roof facing out, almost vertically with shingles on it, flat or depressed top to the roof, sometimes depression is several feet down like a 360 parapet

76
Q

Security measures found on flat roofs

A

Razor wire or razor ribbon, guard dogs

77
Q

Parapet walls can help firefighting safety by

A

Preventing accidental walk off, hinder fire spread to exposure

78
Q

Currently existing openings should be used with discretion because

A

They may not be placed directly over the fire, causing fire to be drawn, sprinklers activate and hinder venting,

79
Q

Vent holes in flat roofs should be cut in reference to the rafters by

A

Being parallel to rafters and perpendicular to outside walls

80
Q

First cut in a vent hole should be made on what side

A

Leeward side, subsequent cuts being made back to the windward side

81
Q

Louder vent openings are cut over

A

One rafter to hinge off. Aka center rafter cut

82
Q

Smoke venting under pressure from a turbine vent indicates the vent should be

A

Left alone, more efficient venting with rotary vane in place.

83
Q

Roof monitored should have what removed to increase their vent efficiency

A

At least two sides

84
Q

Skylights should be removed rather than

A

Broken

85
Q

If a skylight needs to be broken it should be done how

A

Break a single pane first, and pause for interior crews to move out of the way.

86
Q

Bowstring arch vs truss

A

Arch uses steel tie rods instead of bottom chords. Located from outside by wall plate or star.

87
Q

Truss less arch roof

A

Massive arches of steel concrete or wood, buttressed at the ground at their ends. Purlins connect the arches and run perpendicular.

88
Q

The single biggest hazard of arched roof is

A

Danger of sudden and total collapse

89
Q

Hip sections of a arched roof may push out and collapse if

A

The roof fails or collapses

90
Q

Panelized roofs

A

Laminated beams of various sized, but typically 6x36” span entire length or width supported at the end by pilasters, wooden or steel posts, or saddles in the wall

91
Q

Pilasters

A

Rectangular masonry column built into a wall

92
Q

Bridging effect of parallel chord trusses causes the top and Bottom chords to be under what type of force

A

Top under compression- supported by wall

Bottom under tension- unsupported

93
Q

Gang nails or gusset plates typically only penetrate the wood how deep

A

3/8” deep

94
Q

Wooden / metal bar joists have wooden top and bottom chords with 1” tubular rolled steel as the webs. They are normally spaced how far apart

A

2’

95
Q

Steel trusses are aka

A

Bar joists.

96
Q

In pitched wood framed roofs with truss construction, spans up to what are possible using 2x4 trusses

A

Up to 55’

97
Q

Most common spacing for wooden pitched roof trusses is

A

2-4’

98
Q

Common spacing for wooden I beams is

A

2’

99
Q

Most common coverings for pitched roofs

A 
Wood shakes
Composition shingles or rolled roofing
Ceramic or clay tile 
Slate
Light gauge metal or Fiberglas
100
Q

Most common coverings for flat roofs

A

Tar and gravel
Urethane/ isocyanate foam
Synthetic membrane
Metal

101
Q

Shakes and shingles can be attached by

A

Nailing to 1x4 or 1x6 planks spaced apart by about 1” with tar paper over it. This allows sheathing to be removed by finding the space between planks and pulling shingles away by yanking parallel to the plank.

102
Q

Cutting through multiple layers of composition roofing and shingles can be difficult with a chainsaw because

A

The multiple layers of asphalt shingles act cause it to gum up in the blade

103
Q

Tar and gravel roof

A

Tar paper is layer over planking or plywood decking, hot tar is mopped over the paper, pea gravel is poured over it. Common for flat roofs

104
Q

Urethane and isocyanate foam roofs are applied in two forms

A

4x8 sheets

Foamed in place

105
Q

Single ply and synthetic membranes on roofs are easy to cut but dangerous because

A

They are highly combustible and release toxic gasses when burned

106
Q

To reduce damage on tile roofs, firefighters should

A

Work on a roof ladder and step on the lower half of the shingle

107
Q

Ideally state and tile shingles should be removed and

A

Stacked not broken

108
Q

Two common types of steel clad roofs

A

1/4 x 2” steel straps laid out in grid form and welded together leaving square openings between them about 6-8” big. System is lag bolted down to decking or joists and then tarred.

4x8’ sheets of 1/8-1/4” steel laid down and welded at ends. Then tarred

109
Q

For a steel clad roof, a 1/4 inch thick steel sheet weighs 19 lbs per square foot. A 20x50 roof would now have nhow much added weight

A

Appx 10,000 lbs

110
Q

Square or rectangular hatches that access roof from attic or cockloft, accessible by ladder from top floor

A

Scuttle hatch

111
Q

Penthouses (bulk heads)

A

Enclose a stairway and door on a roof,

112
Q

A skylight should be removed by forcing the frame off at the flashing on all four sides, or three sides and using the fourth as

A

As a hinge

113
Q

Monitor vents

A

Like a dog house. Square or rectangular over a roof to provide extra light or venting. May have metal. Wired glass, glass, louvers.

114
Q

Except for the need to occasionally break windows, light shafts generally do not need

A

Opening or enlarging for tactical vent

115
Q

Removing ridge vents may not provide an adequate opening for vent and will need

A

Conventional venting efforts to enlarge

116
Q

Clerestory windows

A

Narrow horizontal windows on a short vertical wall between two offset roof sections. Better to break than cut vent hole right above them

117
Q

Type of cut that is often the fastest and most efficient

A

Louver vents

118
Q

Knowing the location and direction of rafters and the type of sheathing are critical to

A

Safe and efficient roof cutting operations

119
Q

Center rafter or cutting with the rafter method, is made by cutting

A

One cut across the center rafter and making the other side cuts between the void on either side, continuing the cuts in that sequence in a long narrow trench type parallel to the center rafter

120
Q

Dicing method of louver vents, aka rolling the rafters

A

Long cuts make perpendicular to the rafters, cuts made parallel to the rafters in the void space to knock out multiple panels so they hinge in the middle on multiple rafters. 798 method

121
Q

On a lightweight panelized roof, rolling back the roof is accomplished by

A

Using four firefighters two with chainsaws. Two with hooks, cutting the purlins or rafters and peeling back the material as the cuts are made back

122
Q

Trench ventilation is aka

A

Strip ventilation

123
Q

Trench cuts should extend from where to where

A

From outside wall to outside wall, end to end, of the building in the perpendicular direction to stop fire, 4’ wide, the flashing bent up or cut if needed. Center rafter cuts is the fastest.

Truck Company Skills And Tactics (12 decks)

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