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D-advanced anat > Week 7- Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Week 7- Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pulmonary circuit of the circulatory system

A

heart lungs heart

systemic veins bring low 02 blood from body to heart

Pulmonary arteries brings low o2 blood from heart to lungs

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2
Q

Describe the systemic circuit of the circulatory system

A

heart body heart

Pulmonary vein brings 02 blood back to heart from lungs

systemic arteries bring high 02 blood to body from heart

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3
Q

Systole

A

contraction

blood goes out

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4
Q

diastole

A

Ventricles filling with blood

relaxation

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5
Q

As a pump, what is the purpose of the right side of the heart?

A

Receive blood from body
Give blood to lungs

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6
Q

As a pump, what is the purpose of the left side of the heart?

A

Remove blood from lungs
give blood to body

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7
Q

What results from left ventricular failure (left sided heart failure)

A

Blood will back up in lungs (where it received blood from)

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8
Q

What results from Right ventricular failure (right sided heart failure)

A

Blood will back up in the body(where they received blood from)

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9
Q

What is the significance of the coronary arteries?

A

Supplies blood to heart

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10
Q

Differentiate between a myocardial infarction (heart attack) and myocardial ischemia

A

infarction-
sudden death of patch of myocardium because of complete obstruction to coronary circulation(no 02 getting to cardiac muscle)

ischemia- chest pain from PARTIAL obstruction of coronary blood flow

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11
Q

Describe the heart’s conduction system—what are the specialized areas that send signals from start point to end point of the system

A

1-Sa node(in right atrium) will send signal and cause both of atrium to contract

2-Av node then receives the signal
3- signal bundles up in av bundle

4- signal travels down bundle branches(L and R) down the intraventricular septum of heart

5- signal will go back up perkiinje fibers on outside of heart walls (on both sides)

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12
Q

Relate the conduction system with the cardiac cycle

A

Follows cardiac cycle-allows it to be stimulated

Atria will contract first-while ventricle are in diastole

then ventricle will contract-while atria are in diastole

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13
Q

What does an ECG record?

A

electrocardiogram

measures electrical signal going to the heart

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14
Q

Describe what the P wave, QRS complex and T wave represent on an ECG.

A

p-atrial depolarization

qrs- ventricular depolarization

t-ventricular repolarization- relax

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15
Q

What is the heart rate determined by?

A

SA node
However many fires per minute makes it a beats per minute

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16
Q

What is the sinus rhythm?

A

Normal heartbeat triggered by SA node

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17
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

any abnormal rhythm

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18
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

high heart rate

100 or over

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19
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

lower heart rate

less then 60

20
Q

What is the cardiac cycle? What specific events occur during the cardiac cycle?

A

All events associated during one heartbeat

Atrial systole – atria contract which sends blood to the ventricles while the ventricles are relaxed (in diastole)

Followed by Ventricular Systole – ventricles contract while atria are relaxed (in diastole)

21
Q

How do the valves function during the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole-
When AV valves are open, semilunar valves are closed

Ventricular systole
When semilunar valves are open, av valves are closed

22
Q

Define Cardiac Output (CO).

A

amount of blood ejected from a ventricle per minute

23
Q

What determines CO—what is the equation for
CO?

A

Heart rate X stroke volume

(BPM X milliliters per beat)

24
Q

How will HR or blood volume changes impact CO?

A

If HR or BV go up- CO goes up

if hr or bv go down- co goes down

25
Q

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions affect HR?

A

S- increases HR

P-slows heart rate

26
Q

What hormones can increase HR?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
thyroxine

27
Q

What is stroke volume and how is it determined?

A

how many milliliters per beat

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

28
Q

What is the ESV (end systolic volume) and the EDV (end diastolic volume)?

A

ESV- how much is left in ventricle after contraction

EDV- how much is in ventricle before contraction

29
Q

Where is the cardiac center located in the brain?

A

medulla

30
Q

What do the proprioceptors detect

A

inform cardiac center about changes in activity,

HR increases before metabolic demands of muscle
arise

31
Q

What do the baroreceptors detect?

A

signal cardiac center

blood pressure decreases, signal rate drops, cardiac center increases heart rate

if blood pressure increases, signal rate rises, cardiac center decreases heart rate

32
Q

What do Chemoreceptors detect

A

more important in respiratory control than cardiac control

sensitive to blood pH, CO2 and O2 levels

33
Q

Differentiate between blood flow and perfusion

A

BF- amount of blood goes through blood vessels to cells to deliver oxygen ( ml/min)

Perfusion-flow per given volume (ml/min/g)

34
Q

in general, how do pressure and resistance affect blood flow?

A

P-Greater the pressure = increased flow
decreased pressure = decrease flow

R- greater resistance= decrease flow
decrease resistance = increase flow

35
Q

Define blood pressure

A

Generated by heart

Pressure created by left ventricle

Pressure exerted against bv walls

36
Q

What are diastolic and systolic pressure?

A

D- amount of pressure on arterial wall during left ventricle relaxation

S-amount of pressure generated on arterial wall during left ventricle contraction

37
Q

How do CO and Blood volume affect blood pressure

A

Blood volume-
Greater blood volume = greater blood pressure
lower blood volume = lower blood pressure

CO-
Greater CO = greater CO
lower CO = lower CO

38
Q

Describe how the peripheral resistance factors affect BP vessel radius/diameter

A

Vessel radius/diameter-
Increased diameter = decreased resistance(increase blood flow & decrease blood pressure)

Decreased diameter- = increase resistance (increase Blood pressure and decrease flow)

39
Q

Describe how the peripheral resistance factors affect BP (viscosity

A

Thickness of blood

increase thickness- decrease flow- increase pressure

decrease thickness- increase flow- decrease pressure

40
Q

Describe why each of the following hormones would be released and HOW they each affect BP—how can they save us??
(angiotensin II)

A

save you from low BP

goal is to increase bp to normal

promotes release of ADH and aldosterone

41
Q

Describe why each of the following hormones would be released and HOW they each affect BP—how can they save us??
aldosterone

A

save you from low BP

goal is to increase bp to normal

42
Q

Describe why each of the following hormones would be released and HOW they each affect BP—how can they save us??
ANP/BNP,

A

save you from high bp

goal is to lower bp to normal

43
Q

Describe why each of the following hormones would be released and HOW they each affect BP—how can they save us??
ADH

A

save you from low BP

goal is to increase bp to normal

44
Q

Describe why each of the following hormones would be released and HOW they each affect BP—how can they save us??
epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

peripheral vasoconstriction

45
Q

Does the Parasympathetic Nervous System affect blood vessel diameter?

A

NO

46
Q

What is the overall effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) on blood vessel diameter, blood pressure and CO?

A

stimulates most to constrict- but skeletal and cardiac to dilate

would mean that it decrease blood pressure

47
Q

What are the mechanisms that will help venous blood return to the heart?

A

pressure gradient
Gravity
skeletal muscle pump
thoracic (respiratory) pump

D-advanced anat (14 decks)

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