Chapter 5: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What was abnormal behaviour was historically attributed to?

A

Supernatural forces; possession by demons, evil spirits.

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2
Q

Describe trephination.

A

A hole is drilled into the patient’s skull, supposedly to allow evil spirits to exit the body.

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3
Q

What do mania, melancholia, and phrenitis refer to, respectively?

A

Mania: Intense euphoria
Melancholia: Intense sadness
Phrenitis: Mental confusion

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4
Q

What are the three ‘D’s of psychopathology?

A

Distressing, dysfunctional, deviant.

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5
Q

What is the modern definition of abnormal behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that people say it is maladaptive.

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6
Q

What are the two factors contributing to psych disorders under the Vulnerability-Stress Model/Diathesis-Stress model?

A

Vulnerability, stressors. (duh)

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7
Q

What is the DSM-5? (What does it stand for and what does it allow for?)

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Fifth Edition. It allows for reliability and standardization in diagnosis of psych disorders.

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8
Q

How does the DSM-5 differ from its predecessor, the DSM-4?

A

The DSM-5 is less restrictive. It takes a more continuous dimensional approach (as opposed to a binary in-or-out categorization).

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9
Q

In the context of psych disorders, what is comorbidity?

A

An overlap in different types of disorders.

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10
Q

What is reductionism and why is it bad.

A

Reductionism refers to reducing patients to their label. Eventually both patient and clinician see all behaviours as symptoms of perceived pathology. (confirmation bias)

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11
Q

Describe some symptoms of internalizing vs externalizing disorders, respectively.

A

Internalizing: distress, fear, depression, anxiety, panic
Externalizing: impulsivity, out of control behaviour, substance abuse

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12
Q

Describe the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).

A

State of diffuse, ‘free-floating’ anxiety, not tied to specific situations.

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13
Q

What are Phobic Disorders?

A

Strong, irrational fears of objects or situations.

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14
Q

What are the cognitive and behavioural components of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), respectively?

A

Cognitive: obsessions; repeated unwanted intrusive thoughts, images, etc.
Behavioural: Compulsions in response to obsessions to reduce anxiety.

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15
Q

(Low/High) levels of GABA are associated with anxiety disorders.

A

Low

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16
Q

(Low/High) levels of GABA are associated with anxiety disorders.

A

Low

17
Q

What are two eating disorders?

A

Anorexia nervosa (intense fear of being fat), and bulimia nervosa (binging and purging).

18
Q

How does depression differ from ‘a case of the blues’ or ‘having a bad day’?

A

Frequency, intensity, and duration of symptoms is out of proportion to the situation.

19
Q

Major depression is defined by a major depressive episode lasting at least __________.

A

two weeks

20
Q

Persistent depression disorder consists of mild to moderate depression lasting for __________.

A

5 to 10, up to even 20 years.

21
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Loss of interest in pleasurable activity.

22
Q

What does bipolar disorder consist of?

A

Manic states (hyperactive, euphoric mood), and depressive episodes.

23
Q

What does bipolar disorder consist of?

A

Manic states (hyperactive, euphoric mood), and depressive episodes.

24
Q

Describe the differences between Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder.

A

Bipolar I Disorder has more extreme manic episodes and does not require a depressive diagnosis, Bipolar II disorder consists of hypomania and major depressive episodes.

25
Q

Affective disorders are associated with over- or under-activity of which neurotransmitters?

A

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.

26
Q

What negative thoughts does the depressive cognitive triad consist of?

A

The world, oneself, the future.

27
Q

Hypochondriasis is an example of what kind of disorder?

A

Somatic symptom disorders.

28
Q

What is functional neurological symptom disorder is defined by?

A

Psychosomatic disorder without cause for loss of feeling in body parts.

29
Q

What are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive symptoms: Traits present as symptoms, not present in normal behaviour.
Negative symptoms: Traits missing from normal function not present in schizophrenic person.

30
Q

The neurodegenerative hypothesis attributes schizophrenia to __________.

A

atrophy and destruction of neural tissue, especially the thalamus (sensory issues).

31
Q

In general, what causes dissociative disorders?

A

Trauma.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of dissociative amnesia vs dissociative fugue?

A

Dissociative amnesia: memory loss following trauma
Dissociative fugue: loss of all personal identity (more extreme)

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A

Two or more separate unique identities. Additional identities are known as ‘alters’.

34
Q

Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by the lack of what?

A

Conscience and remorse.

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

A

Emotional dysregulation, instability in behaviour, emotion, identity