respiratory system

Question 1

what happens at inspiration at rest?

Answer 1

its an active process
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
ribs move up and out
volume of thoracic cavity increases
pressure inside lungs decreases
air rushes in

Question 2

what happens at expiration at rest?

Answer 2

passive process
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
ribs move down and in
volume of thoracic cavity decreases
pressure inside lungs increases
air rushes out

Question 3

what happens at inspiration during exercise?

Answer 3

still an active process
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid and pectorals major contract as well as the diaphragm and external intercostals
ribs move up and out further
volume increases further
pressure decreases further
air forced in more rapidly

Question 4

what happens at expiration during exercise?

Answer 4

becomes an active process
internal intercostal muscles and rectus abdomen contract
diaphragm and external intercostals still relaxed
ribs more down and in further
volume decreases further
pressure increases further
air forced out more rapidly

Question 5

what directly stimulates the RCC?

Answer 5

receptors

Question 6

what are the two areas of the RCC?

Answer 6

the inspiratory centre and the expiratory centre

Question 7

what does the inspiratory centre do?

Answer 7

it sends impulses to stimulate nerves

Question 8

which nerves stimulate which muscles from the RCC?

Answer 8

intercostal nerve, stimulates the external intercostal muscles to contract.
phrenic nerve, stimulates the diaphragm to contract

Question 9

what happens at rest in the inspiratory and expiratory centre?

Answer 9

the inspiratory centre sends impulses.
the expiratory centre is inactive during rest as expiration is passive process at rest

Question 10

what does the inspiratory centre do during exercise?

Answer 10

increases stimulation of the diaphragm and external intercostals. also stimulates the additional muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major). increased force of contraction and depth of inspiration.

Question 11

what happens in the expiratory centre during exercise?

Answer 11

it stimulates internal intercostals, rectus abdominals and obliques. causes a forced contraction which reduces the duration of inspiration.

Question 12

where does internal respiration occur?

Answer 12

in muscle tissue and capillary

Question 13

where does external respiration occur?

Answer 13

in the alveoli and capillary

Question 14

what is particle pressure (PP)?

Answer 14

the pressure that one gas will exert within a mixture of gases

Question 15

whats the process of the respiratory system (5 parts)?

Answer 15

nasal cavity to the
trachea to the
bronchi to the
bronchioles to the
alveoli- where gaseous exchange occurs

Question 16

what’s the process of internal respiration?

Answer 16

PP of oxygen is high in the capillary and low in the muscle so goes down the PP gradient from capillary to muscle

PP of CO2 is low in the capillary and high in the muscle therefore goes down the PP gradient from the muscle to capillary

Question 17

what’s the process of external respiration?

Answer 17

PP of oxygen is low in the capillary and high in the alveoli so travels down the PP gradient then to left atrium

PP of CO2 is high in the capillary and low in alveoli so travels down the PP gradient then to the lungs and then expired

Question 18

what’s breathing rate (f)?

Answer 18

the number of times you breathe per minute

Question 19

what’s tidal volume (TV)?

Answer 19

volume of air inspired and expired per breath

Question 20

what’s minute ventilation (VE)?

Answer 20

volume of air inspired and expired per minute

Question 21

how can you work out minute ventilation (VE)?

Answer 21

VE=TV x f

Question 22

what’s the resting breathing rate for an untrained athlete?

Answer 22

12-15 breathes/min

Question 23

what’s the maximal breathing rate for a untrained athlete?

Answer 23

40-50 breathes/min

Question 24

what’s the resting breathing rate for a trained athlete?

Answer 24

11-12 breathes/min

Question 25

what’s the maximal breathing rate for a trained athlete?

Answer 25

50-60 breathes/min

Question 26

what’s the resting tidal volume for an untrained athlete?

Answer 26

0.5L

Question 27

what’s the maximal tidal volume for an untrained athlete?

Answer 27

2.5-3L

Question 28

what’s the resting tidal volume for a trained athlete?

Answer 28

0.5L

Question 29

what’s the maximum tidal volume for a trained athlete?

Answer 29

3-3.5L

Question 30

what is the resting minute ventilation for an untrained athlete?

Answer 30

6-7.5L/min

Question 31

what’s the maximal minute ventilation for an untrained athlete?

Answer 31

100-150L/min

Question 32

what’s the resting minute ventilation for a trained athlete?

Answer 32

5.5-6L/min

Question 33

what’s the maximal minute ventilation for a trained athlete?

Answer 33

160-210L/min

Question 34

what happens to external respiration during exercise?

Answer 34

-skeletal muscles are using a greater amount of oxygen and therefore creating a large amount of CO2 as a bi-product
-deoxygenated venous blood returning to the right atrium has a high PP of CO2 and low PP of oxygen
-alveolar air has a high PP of oxygen and low PP of CO2
-creates a steeper PP gradient for both oxygen and CO2 at the alveoli-capillary membrane resulting in quicker and greater gaseous exchange
-also ensures haemoglobin is fully saturated

Question 35

what happens to internal respiration during exercise?

Answer 35

greater oxygen dissociation in muscle tissues during exercise is required to increase the supply to the working muscles
-oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right

Question 36

what is the bohr shift?

Answer 36

oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right during exercise

Question 37

what are the 3 factors that have an effect at shifting the dissociation curve to the right?

Answer 37

1. increase in blood and muscle temperature
2. decrease in pH within the muscle
3. increase in PP of CO2

Question 38

what does the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve inform us about?

Answer 38

that amount of oxygen that has saturated haemoglobin

Question 39

what is saturates/ associated haemoglobin?

Answer 39

haemoglobin that is fully bound or loaded with oxygen

Question 40

what is dissociation?

Answer 40

oxygen unloading from haemoglobin

Question 41

what happens to breathing rate during exercise?

Answer 41

-increases in proportion to exercise until we reach our maximum
-will plateau during sub-maximal exercise due to the supply of oxygen meeting the demand from the working muscles

Question 42

what happens to tidal volume during exercise?

Answer 42

-initially increases in proportion to exercise intensity at sub maximal intensities up to 3L

Question 43

why does tidal volume plateau at sub maximal exercise?

Answer 43

because breathing intensity increases to maximal values so doesn’t allow enough time and requires too much muscular effort for maximal inspirations or expirations

Question 44

what is anticipatory rise caused by?

Answer 44

hormonal action of adrenaline stimulating the RCC

Question 45

how does minute ventilation change during exercise?

Answer 45

-rapid rise due to neural stimulation of the RCC for f and TV increases
-in sub maximal exercise, VE plateaus which represents steady state exercise as demands are being met

Question 46

what happens to minute ventilation once exercise stops?

Answer 46

-there’s a rapid decrease in VE due to the cessation of proprioreceptors and decreased chemoreceptor stimulation
-there is then a slowing decrease down to resting values