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A&P II > CH 22 Quiz & HW > Flashcards

CH 22 Quiz & HW Flashcards

1
Q

More than half of the body’s blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the _____

A

Lungs

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2
Q

What are the principal organs of the Respiratory System?

A

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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3
Q

What area & structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

From the nostrils through the main bronchi. This includes the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and main bronchi

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4
Q

The gas exchange takes place in the respiratory system in what structures?

A

Alveoli

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5
Q

Components of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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6
Q

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the?

A

Respiratory system

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7
Q

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

A

It sweeps mucous up the trachea toward the pharynx to be swallowed

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8
Q

List the principle organs of the respiratory system

A

Pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

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9
Q

What is the name of the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm?

A

Parietal Pleura

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10
Q

Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange

A

Conducting Zone

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11
Q

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?

A

Quiet breathing

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12
Q

List the components of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, Bronchi, Alveoli

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13
Q

What muscle is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

A

Diaphragm

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14
Q

Where are the brainstem respiratory centers found?

A

In the Medulla oblongata and the pons

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15
Q

What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?

A

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors

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16
Q

What senses changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The central chemoreceptors

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17
Q

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?

A

Forced

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18
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in?

A

Blood oxygen saturation, blood CO2 saturation, blood pH

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19
Q

Which two muscles are primarily responsible for resting inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostals

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20
Q

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

A

Brainstem

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21
Q

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

A

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleasures to cling to the parietal pleura

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22
Q

Describe what happens during exhalation

A

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

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23
Q

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are what kind of chemoreceptors?

A

Peripheral

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24
Q

A clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

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25
Q

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

A

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area

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26
Q

Name for the collapse of part or all of a lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure

A

Atelectasis

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27
Q

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure

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28
Q

What decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?

A

Surfactants

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29
Q

What occurs during exhalation?

A

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases

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30
Q

The conducting zones of the respiratory system are incapable of gas exchange , which is also known as…

A

Anatomical dead space

31
Q

When the conducting zones AND the respiratory zones cannot perform gas exchange, this is referred to as what kind of space?

A

Physiological dead space

32
Q

How many mL is an average tidal volume (TV)?

A

500mL

33
Q

The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?

A

Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities

34
Q

How many mL of air is a normal inspiration reserve volume (IRV)?

A

3000 mL

35
Q

About how much air is in the anatomical dead space?

A

About 150 mL

36
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

37
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

38
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

39
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval

40
Q

T or F: the residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration?

A

False! The residual volume can never be exhaled, it will always remain in the lung

41
Q

What is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?

A

Physiological dead space

42
Q

How is Inspiratory capacity (IC) calculated ?

A

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory reserve volume (TV + IRV)

43
Q

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and Inspiratory reserve volume is? (ERV + TV + IRV = ?)

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

44
Q

What is the formula for calculating Toal Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

TLC = RV + VC

45
Q

A normal residual volume (RV)

A

1300mL of air

46
Q

What are the 4 predominant components of inspired air?

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Water Vapor

47
Q

What term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar Gas Exchange

48
Q

The sum of the Tidal Volume and the Inspiratory Reserve Volume is? (TV + IRV)

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

49
Q

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

A

The Heme group

50
Q

Term for hemoglobin with one or more molecule(s) of oxygen bound to it

A

Oxyhemoglobin

51
Q

What gas has the greatest parietal pressure in inspired air?

A

Nitrogen

52
Q

What compound if formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

53
Q

Hemoglobin becomes fully saturated with oxygen at what PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)?

A

90 mm Hg

54
Q

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?

A

4

55
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

A

Bicarbonate ion

56
Q

Hemoglobin that is NOT bound to oxygen is called what?

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

57
Q

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat?

A

Because CO competes with Oxygen for the same binding sites on hemoglobin. If CO takes over all the binding sites, Oxygen won’t be transported in the blood

58
Q

What explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (S-shaped)?

A

Binding of the 1st oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the mid portion of the curve becomes steeper

59
Q

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

A

At the capillary networks of the tissues

60
Q

List the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

A

As bicarbonate ion, cabaminohemoglobin, and dissolved gas

61
Q

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobins affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

A

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

62
Q

2 factors that facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues

A

Lower PO2 in tissue fluid and binding of protons to hemoglobin

63
Q

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood , which facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?

A

More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates

64
Q

Acidosis

A

Blood pH is lower than 7.35

65
Q

Alkalosis

A

Blood pH greater than 7.45

66
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from what?

A

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2

67
Q

What type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

A

Hypoxemic hypoxia (lower PO2)

68
Q

The factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

Increased biphosphoglycerate (BPG) production by RBC and Increased temperature both promote unloading of Oxygen from RBC

69
Q

Clinically, cyanosis (blueness of the skin) is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem?

A

Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia)

70
Q

COPDs are almost always caused by what?

A

Cigarette smoke

71
Q

What condition is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lignin the airway and increased mucous production?

A

Chronic Bronchitis

72
Q

What is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?

A

Emphysema

73
Q

Name for a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation?

A

COPDs

74
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficiency of oxygen in a tissue

A&P II (15 decks)

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