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AQA GCSE Geography P2 > Development (Unit 2B) > Flashcards

Development (Unit 2B) Flashcards

1
Q

HIC

A
  • A high(er) income country,
  • usually within the tertiary or quaternary industry
  • GNI of at lest $12000
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2
Q

NEE

A
  • a newly emerging economy
  • they’re economy is rapidly increasing as they become wealthier
  • usually moving from primary to secondary industry
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3
Q

LIC

A
  • Low income countries
  • rely heavily on agriculture (primary industry)
  • GNI $1000+
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4
Q

Gross National Income (GNI) per head

A

The total value of goods and services in a country (including overseas investment) converted to US$ divided by the population

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5
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of births (babies born) born per 1000 per year

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6
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1000 per year

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7
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of babies which die before the age of 1 per 1000 born

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8
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years (age) a person is expected to live to

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9
Q

People per doctor

A

The average number of people for each doctor

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10
Q

Literacy rates

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write within a population

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11
Q

Access to safe water

A

The percentage of people who are able to get clean drinking water

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12
Q

Limitations of social measures of development

A
  • They can be misleading because as country develops, some aspects develop before others (e.g. BR lowers quicker then DR does)
  • They’re often average numbers so a single value can dramatically increase or decrease the value
  • They can’t record data in remote areas
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13
Q

Limitations of economic measures of development

A
  • It doesn’t show variations within a country (e.g. a small % may be rich which will increase the GNI)
  • Often miss out informal employment which can dramatically effect values
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14
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A
  • A measure of development calculated by combining GNI, life expectancy and education level
  • Every country has a value between 0-1
  • (follows a similar distribution to GNI)
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15
Q

Why is HDI a good measure?

A

It includes both economical and social measures of development to create a more accurate measure of development within a country

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16
Q

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A

A graph which shows how birth rate and death rate effect population growth

17
Q

DTM Stage 1

A
  • BR and DR are both high and fluctuating (poor healthcare, contraception)
  • Population size is low and steady (no growth rate)
  • Least developed areas
18
Q

DTM Stage 2

A
  • BR remains high (agricultural industry, children work)
  • DR begins to fall rapidly (better healthcare)
  • population growth is rapid (natural increase)
  • not very developed (most LICs at this level)
19
Q

DTM Stage 3

A
  • BR rapidly falling (more contraception, working women)
  • DR slowly falling (improved healthcare)
  • population growth still rapid (natural increase)
  • more developed (NEE level)
20
Q

DTM Stage 4

A
  • BR and DR both low and fluctuating (good healthcare, elderly depend so less money)
  • High steady population (BR and DR low)
  • Most developed (HIC level)
21
Q

DTM Stage 5

A
  • BR falls slightly (later marriage, dependant elderly)
  • DR Increases slightly (more elderly population dying)
  • Population slowly falls (natural decrease)
  • Most developed (HIC level)
22
Q

Physical causes of uneven development

A
  • Lack of natural resources: have less natural resources -like coal or metal ores- which reduces the amount of trade which is possible
  • Landlocked: surrounded by other other countries so have to pay a tariff to trade (less profit)
  • Poor climate: makes agriculture difficult as it’s too hot or cold, no trade
23
Q

Economical cause of uneven development

A
  • Poor trade links: by trading with less countries, a country will make less money
  • Debt: this mean countries have to repay other countries meaning less money is left for development
  • Economy based on primary products: the selling price of primary products varies fluctuates which means a country may be paid less
24
Q

Historical causes of uneven development

A
  • War: this can slow down development as money is spent on firearms and factors such as DR increase significantly (less trade)
  • Colonisation: colonising countries take a lot of natural resources and Ince the country gains independence, the have very little to trade or develop from
25
Q

Consequences of uneven development (wealth)

A
  • People in developed countries have more income then those in less developed countries
  • Having less money decrease the standard of living
  • People in a country can have huge differences in the amount of money they make (rich people earn more then those in poverty)
26
Q

Consequences of uneven development (health)

A
  • Healthcare is better in more developed countries
  • People in HICs live longer then in LIC (better medicine)
  • Lack of medicine in LICs means that people die from easily treated disease in HICs
27
Q

Consequences of uneven development (international migration)

A
  • Many people move to HICs from LIC/NEEs to escape conflict or have a better quality of life
  • These workers contribute to HICs economy which further increases the development gap
28
Q

Reducing the DG (FDI)

A

FDI (Foreign direct investments) is when companies in one country buy properties or invest in infrastructure in another
- better access to expertise and technology
- improved infrastructure and industry

29
Q

Reducing the DG (Aid)

A

When charities or foreign governments provide resources (like money or medicine) to other countries
- Allows governments to kickstart development projects
👇
(these may end once the money runs out if there’s not enough local knowledge or support)

30
Q

Reducing the DG (intermediate technology)

A

When LICs purchase use tools machines and systems that improve the quality of life and are also cheap and easy to maintain
👇
e.g. solar powered LED light bulbs, instead of lamps which are environmentally friendly and allows work and study after dark, and therefore skills and income output increases

31
Q

Reducing the DG (fair trade)

A

It allows farmers to receive a fair price for goods that are produced (even when the average price has decreased)
- This money allows for development projects such as hospitals or clean water pipelines

32
Q

Reducing the DG (debt relief)

A

When some (or all) of a countries debt is cancelled
- This allows the country to spend money on development as opposed to paying off debt

33
Q

Reducing the DG (microfinance loans)

A

Small loans are provided to those in LICs who cannot receive one from the bank
- This allows people to start their own businesses and become financially independent (and taxed)

34
Q

Reducing the DG (industrial development)

A

By developing industry, productivity, skills and infrastructure are improved

35
Q

Multiplier effect

A

The multiplier effect is an idea which suggests that as tourism increases within a country, infrastructure such as airports and hotels are developed which require employment from local people which increases development which helps to further increase tourism which creates more jobs etc…

36
Q

How tourism in Tunisia reduced the DG

A
  • 370,000 jobs created
  • Government investments where made into healthcare
  • Literacy rates and life expectancy increased

AQA GCSE Geography P2 (9 decks)

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