7 - Conflict avoidance, management and dispute resolution procedures Flashcards

1
Q

What is a conflict?

A
  • A disagreement or struggle between ideas, purposes or interests
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2
Q

When do disputes arise in your role?

A

Financially
* Agreeing the order value
* Valuation submissions
* Settlement of the final account

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3
Q

What can you do if negotiations break down?

A

ADR methods such as mediation or adjudication

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4
Q

What is a conflict of interest?

A

Anything that affects an individual or firms ability to act impartial and in the best interest of a client

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5
Q

What do the RICS Rules of Conduct say about avoiding conflicts of interest

A
  • Identify actual and potential conflicts of interest
  • Do not provide advice or service where a conflict of interest, or significant risk of one arises, unless done so in accordance with the professional statement
  • Firms to have effective processes to identify conflicts or interest, and enable appropriate decision making whether to accept work
  • Firms have record keeping procedures for decision making re. conflicts of interest
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6
Q

Give examples of ways that conflict can be avoided

A
  • The best way is to keep communication clear and constant so that all parties understand what it is that is going on and when there is a dispute, it can be effectively addressed in a fair way.
  • Good Management
  • Clear Contract Documentation
  • Partnering and Alliancing
  • Good Payment Practice
  • Record Keeping
  • Regular reporting and proactivity
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7
Q

Why is good management important?

A

Fosters an encouraging and productive work environment, bringing the best out of your team.

Positive workplace = Improved morale = less conflict

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8
Q

What are the benefits of clear contract documents?

A
  • Clarity
  • Understanding, reduced risk of misinterpretation/mis-understanding
  • People are less likely to skim over, more likely to pay attention and digest
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9
Q

What is partnering or alliancing?

A
  • Working alongside another organisation to reach a mutual goal
  • Mutual objectives
  • Work together = continuously improving, and working together/collectively to resolve dispute
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10
Q

Why is good project or instruction management important?

A
  • Avoid miscommunication or misunderstanding
  • Ensure everyone is on the same page, that expectations and objectives are understand
  • Gives focus and direction
  • Aligned
  • Clear actions
  • Reduce confusion and uncertainty
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11
Q

How can good client management reduce conflict?

A
  • Transparency and honesty - manage expectations
  • Avoid misunderstanding
  • Ensures all are fully understood
  • Shows you are taking responsibility
  • Positivie management = builds trust
  • Communicate expectations and intentions
  • Work together
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12
Q

Give examples of good payment practices

A
  • Pay on time i.e. in line with contract docs
  • Pay what it owed
  • Communicate, in good time, any discrepencies
  • Authorisation and recording process
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13
Q

How can good record keeping avoid conflict

A
  • Can support your version of events
  • Written record of progress, actions etc.
  • Many disputes can be resolved by retrospectively considering records that have
    been kept during the course of the procurement or the carrying out of a project, record changes and impact on project
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14
Q

How can good record keeping avoid conflict

A
  • Can support your version of events
  • Written record of progress, actions etc.
  • Many disputes can be resolved by retrospectively considering records that have
    been kept during the course of the procurement or the carrying out of a project, record changes and impact on project
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15
Q

How do reporting and proactivity reduce conflict?

A
  • proactively managing all aspects of time, money and risk associated with the project.
  • The regular monitoring of cost, progress and quality is important for the success of any project. Enables you to raise and manage any issues that are causing delay, any increases in cost or quality problems as soon as is practically possible. Any actions should be recorded so that they can be tracked towards conclusion.
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16
Q

What are the 3 pillars of dispute resolution?

A
  1. Negotiation
  2. Mediation
  3. Adjudication
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17
Q

How introduced negotiation, mediation, arbitration as the 3 pillars of dispute resolution?

A

Professor Green of Boston University
(Ross + Rachel) = Prof. Green

18
Q

Give examples of each of the 3 pillars of dispute resolution?

A

Mediation: - Conciliation

Negotiation: -
-Neutral fact finding
-Expert appraisal
-Early neutral intervention

Arbitration:-
-Litigation
-Arbitration
-Expert determination
-Adjudication
-Ombudsman
-Dispute review board

19
Q

How do mediation and concilliation differ globally?

A

In mediation, the mediator acts as a facilitator who helps the parties in agreeing.

Concilliation allows for the facilitator to play a more direct role in the solution for the dispute. The facilitator can make suggestions towards certain proposals and give advice for certain solutions. Similar to mediation, although a conciliator is also required to express their opinion on the dispute.

20
Q

What is Alternative Dispute Resolution?

A

ADR predominately means alternative dispute resolutions, and refers to processes which are alternatives to the traditional binding dispute resolution procedures of litigation and arbitration.

Main forms of ADR: Mediation, Negotiation, Adjudication

21
Q

Why might you prefer to pursue ADR rather than litigation through the courts

A
  • Protect working/partnering relationships
  • Cost and time exhaustive
  • Solve problem faster
  • Avoid stress of going to court
  • Confidential
  • Can be more flexible with outcomes
  • Achieve mutual agreement
22
Q

What would you do if you identified a perceived/actual conflict of interest?

A

As soon as you are aware disclose to the client in writing, the possibility and nature of conflict. Advise client in writing that you can not continue to represent unless:
-parties feel they can act 100% impartially
-legal
-the client finds it acceptable and approves, in writing, the specific conflict handling arrangement put in place (informed consent)

Decision to be recorded.

23
Q

Can you tell me about any RICS guidance relating to conflict of interest?

A

Professional statement: Conflicts of Interest, 1st Ed

Supports the RoC, split in 3 parts:
1. mandatory rules and definitions
2. general commentary, how RICS expects members to comply
3. supplemental commentary

24
Q

What is the practice of dual agency/double dipping?

A

Dual agency, also known as double dipping, is defined by the RICS as ‘where an agent has a contractual agency relationship with both the seller and the buyer at the same time’. It must not be undertaken under any circumstances.

25
Q

What is a conflict of interest?

A

Where an agent acts for clients who have competing interests, or where an agent’s personal interest conflicts with that/those of their client’.

26
Q

Can you tell me about any recent RICS guidance relating to dual agency/ double dipping?

A

Professional Statement: Conflict of Interest, 1st Ed.

Rules of Conduct

27
Q

Name 3 types of conflict outlined in the conflict of interest professional statement, 2017

A

Party conflict - situation in which the duty of a RICS member/firm, acts in the interests of a client on a professional assignment, conflicts with the duty owed to another client i.e. acting for both a developer and contractor on the same project

Own-interest conflict: situation in which the duty of a RICS member of firm acts in the interests of a client in a professional assignment, and conflicts with the interests of the same RICS member/firm

Confidential info conflict: conflict between the duty of a RICS member/firm to another client to keep that same info confidential

28
Q

Can you give me an example of a conflict of interest

A

-Act for both developer and contractor
-Acting for 2 competing developers/contractors
-Having other obligations/pressures that detract you from or affect your relationship with the client

29
Q

What is the difference between an arbitrator and an independent expert?

A

Arbitrators are governed by the Arbitration Act 1996, which sets out the requirements for their role and proceedings.

There is no legislation governing the role of an Independent Expert. The role is instead governed by the lease, together with the RICS guidance; Independent Expert Determination (1st Edition).

Arbitrator =awards
IE = determines

29
Q

What is the difference between an arbitrator and an independent expert?

A

Arbitrators are governed by the Arbitration Act 1996, which sets out the requirements for their role and proceedings.

There is no legislation governing the role of an Independent Expert. The role is instead governed by the lease, together with the RICS guidance; Independent Expert Determination (1st Edition).

Arbitrator =awards
IE = determines

30
Q

Can you tell me about any other types of ADR?

A

Negotiation =when the parties work out between them how to resolve the issues that have arisen. Negotiation ends when both parties have come to an agreement

Mediation = parties agree on a independent, neutral 3rd party system to facilitate discussions between them with the goal of reaching a settlement, discussions led by the mediator.

Adjudication = Adjudication involves an independent third party considering the claims of both sides and making a decision. The adjudicator is usually an expert in the subject matter in dispute

31
Q

Can you tell me about mediation?

A

Both parties agree an independent, 3rd party mediator to facilitate discussion for parties to come to an agreement to settle the dispute/reach a settlement. Not legally binding. Power to settle remains with the parties but is led by the mediator.

Requires co-operation, both parties to be willing.
Private and confidential.
Evidence is not limited by court rules.
Designed to settle amicably.
Rebuild communication.
Fairness in process
Flexible

32
Q

Can you tell me about conciliation

A

Similar to mediation, although a conciliator is also required to express their opinion on the dispute.

Private process, no damage to reputation.
Right to go to court if unhappy with outcome
Normally a legal expert in the dispute field
Flexible (time and date)

33
Q

Can you tell me about adjudication?

A

Adjudication involves an independent third party considering the claims of both sides and making a decision. The adjudicator is usually an expert in the subject matter in dispute.

Quick - decision made in 28 days
cost efficient
maintains relationships - avoid unnecessary tensions
An adjudicator’s decision is binding and must be complied with strictly, but not final can be taken to court/arbitration

34
Q

What is the Technology and Construction Court, and what is its role?

A

Specialist group of courts. Handle disputes about buildings, engineering and surveying.

35
Q

If you work with contracts, explain how dispute resolution works in a contract you have worked with?

A

JCT Measured term contract

Adjudication applies:
If any dispute or difference arises under this Contract, either Party may refer it to
adjudication. Adjudicator to be appointed by RICS

Arbitration - does not apply

Legal Proceedings
The English Courts shall have
jurisdiction over any dispute or difference between the Parties which arises out of or
in connection with this Contract

36
Q

What is the HGCRA

A

Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act 1996

HGRA is intended to ensure that payments are made promptly throughout the supply chain and that disputes are resolved swiftly.

37
Q

Why might you use adjudication?

A

Allows construction contract disputes to be resolved more quickly and cost effectively than resolution through arbitration and litigation

Aims to provide a fast working solution to an issue so parties can quickly resume work under the contract

It is quick – an adjudicator must normally issue a decision within 28 days of being seized with the dispute.

It is comparatively simple - the procedure from start to finish is prescribed in law in straightforward and plain language.

It is cost-effective - the relative speed and simplicity of the process renders it significantly cheaper than lengthy litigation or arbitration.

It is private- unlike the courts, what happens in adjudication remains confidential between the parties, and decisions are not published.

38
Q

Who can be an adjudicator?

A

Adjudicators need to be trained and qualified specifically in discharging the role of adjudicaton

Anyone can become a construction adjudicator, the reality is that most adjudicators appointed by ANB (Adjudicator Nominating Body), are qualified construction professionals drawn from surveying, legal, architectural and engineering backgrounds.

39
Q

How does adjudication work?

A

Either party can serve a notice on the other party of its intention to refer the dispute to adjudication

Within 7 days of the issue of the notice , the referring party mush serve upon the other party its referral (statement of case). If the referral is not served in that time, the adjudication will likely be void

The referral must contain a detailed explanation of the referring partys claim in respect of the dispute identified within the notice, plus supporting docs

Within that 7 day period, the referring party must secure the appt of an adjudicator. This will be the person named or nominated body stated in the contract

Following the appt the adjudicator will set out a timetable, this will usually permit the other party to issue a response to the referral.

The adjudicator will make his decision within 28 days of the referral

There is no appeal process, but the parties can take the same dispute to litigation

Both parties are jointly liable for the adjudicators fees, the adjudicator can usually decide who is to pay the fees, and reasonable expenses.

40
Q

Advantages of adjudication?

A

Quicker and more cost effective than arbitration or litigation
Fast working solution (response within 28 days of the referral)
Allow work under the contract to quickly resume
Simple
Private - stays between the parties