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microbio > lecture 17 chapter 19 > Flashcards

lecture 17 chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

puerperal fever

A

bacterial infection of uterus

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2
Q

_______ led to incidence of puerperal fever dropping to 1/3 previous level

A

washing hands

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3
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

the study of distribution and causes of disease in populations

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4
Q

epidemiologists collect and compile data about

A

sources of disease and risk factors

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5
Q

epidemiologists have expertise in many disciplines including

A

ecology, microbiology, sociology, statistics, and psychology

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6
Q

transmitted from one host to another

A

communicable (contagious diseases)

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7
Q

communicable disease transmission can be ______ or ______

A

direct, indirect

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8
Q

do not spread from host to host

A

non-communicable diseases

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9
Q

in non-communicable diseases, microorganisms most often arise from

A

individuals normal microbiota or environment

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10
Q

percentage of people who become ill in population after exposure to infectious agent

A

attack rate

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11
Q

epidemiologists are more concerned with _______ rather than the absolute number of cases

A

rate of disease (usually cases per 100,000)

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12
Q

attack rate reflects

A

infectious dose, immune status of population

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13
Q

a measure of the frequency with which new cases of illness occurs among a population during a specified period

A

incidence

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14
Q

total number of cases at any time or for a specific period in a given population

A

prevalence

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15
Q

prevalence reflects

A

overall impact of disease on society; includes old and new cases, as well as duration of disease

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16
Q

incidence is a measure of risk of

A

an individual contracting a disease

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17
Q

incidence of disease in a population

A

morbidity

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18
Q

contagious disease often have high ______ rate: infected individuals may transmit to several others

A

morbidity

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19
Q

overall death rate in population

A

mortality

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20
Q

percentage of population that dies from a specific disease

A

case-fatality rate

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21
Q

_____ is constantly present in population

A

endemic disease

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22
Q

example of endemic disease

A

common cold

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23
Q

____: a few cases from time to time

A

sporadic

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24
Q

_____: unusually large number of cases

A

epidemic

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25
Q

an epidemic can be introduced _____ or ______

A

agent, endemic disease

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26
Q

_____ is a group of cases at specific time and population

A

outbreak

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27
Q

______ is global

A

pandemic

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28
Q

example of pandemic

A

COVID19, AIDS

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29
Q

the spread of infectious disease follows a series of steps called

A

the chain of infection

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30
Q

natural habitat of pathogen

A

reservoir of infection

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31
Q

parts of chain of infection

A

reservoir of infectious agent
portal of exit
transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host

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32
Q

_____ is critical to disease control

A

identification

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33
Q

pathogen is often easier to control if ______ are the only reservoir

A

humans

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34
Q

clear source of pathogens

A

symptomatic infections

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35
Q

harder to identify, carriers may not notice infection, can spread it to others

A

asymptomatic infections

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36
Q

in carriers, the immune system may be responding to pathogen, ______ expression of symptoms

A

inhibiting

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37
Q

up to ____ of women infected with Neisseria gonorrohoeae are asymptomatic, easily transmit it

A

50%

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38
Q

______ are difficult to control in wild animal populations

A

non-human animal reservoirs

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39
Q

examples of non-human animal reservoirs

A

plague, hantavirus, Lyme disease

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40
Q

______ exist mostly in animals, can be transmitted to humans

A

zoonoses (zoonotic diseases)

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41
Q

______ can be significantly more sever in humans; no evolution toward balanced pathogenicity

A

zoonoses

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42
Q

______ are difficult or impossible to eliminate

A

environmental reservoirs

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43
Q

examples of environmental reservoirs

A

clostridium species; legionnaires’ disease

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44
Q

body surface or orifice; exit route for pathogen

A

portal of exit

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45
Q

examples of portals of exits

A

intestinal tract (shed in feces)
respiratory tract (exit in droplets of saliva)
skin (shed on skin cells)
genital pathogens (semen, vaginal secretions)

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46
Q

disease transmission types

A

vertical transmission
horizontal transmission
direct transmission
indirect transmission

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47
Q

example of vertical transmission

A

pregnant mother to fetus in utero; or, mother to infant during childbirth; by breastfeeding

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48
Q

example of horizontal transmission

A

is person to person via air, physical contact, ingestion of food or water, or vector

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49
Q

______ involves immediate transfer of infectious agent to portal of entry

A

direct transmission

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50
Q

direct contact

A

touch (touching, kissing, sexual contact, contact with oral secretions, or contact with body lesions)

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51
Q

direct contact is easiest when infectious dose is

A

low

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52
Q

______ considered single most important measure for preventing spread of infectious disease

A

hand washing

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53
Q

some pathogens cannot survive in environment, require ______

A

intimate sexual contact (treponema palladium, neisseria gonorrhoeae, STDs in general)

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54
Q

indirect transmission occurs in several ways, including:

A

aerosol droplet transmission
airborne
vehicle-borne
vector-borne

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55
Q

______ can spread respiratory disease when pathogen-laden droplets are inhaled

A

aerosol droplet transmission

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56
Q

aerosol droplet transmission is minimized by

A

covering mouth when sneezing

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57
Q

aerosol droplets generally fall to ground within a

A

meter

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58
Q

______: respiratory diseases often transmitted by small droplets/particles released while talking, etc. travel further

A

airborne

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59
Q

in airborne disease transmission, ________ remain suspended; inhaled, carry pathogens to lungs

A

aerosol droplet nuclei (microbes attached to dried material)

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60
Q

other airborne particles include

A

dead skin cells, dust, spores

61
Q

____ increase number of bacteria in air

A

crowds

62
Q

airborne tranmission is

A

difficult to control

63
Q

methods to combat airborne transmission

A

ventilation systems, negative pressure, HEPA filters, face coverings (masks)

64
Q

_______: transmitted by objects, food, water

A

vehicle-borne

65
Q

_____: inanimate objects

A

fomites

66
Q

examples of fomites

A

clothing, keyboards, doorknobs, drinking glasses

67
Q

______ can become contaminated

A

food and water

68
Q

_______: transfer between foods

A

cross-contaminations

69
Q

_______ can distribute disease to large numbers

A

municipal water systems

70
Q

a ______ is a living organism that can carry a pathogen

A

vector

71
Q

vector-borne transmission are most often _____

A

anthropoids (mosquitoes, flies, fleas, lice, ticks)

72
Q

______ carries microbe on its body from one location to another

A

mechanical vector

73
Q

______ also participates in life cycle of pathogen

A

biological vector

74
Q

vector control programs are important, cost-effective measure in preventing _______

A

vector-borne diseases

75
Q

______: body surface or orifice, entry route for pathogen

A

portal of entry

76
Q

respiratory pathogens generally cause disease only when _____

A

inhaled (nose)

77
Q

intestinal pathogens generally cause disease only when ____

A

ingested (mouth)

78
Q

_______ is when fecal organisms are transported to mouth and ingested

A

fecal-oral transmission

79
Q

_____ is the ability to cause disease

A

virulence

80
Q

virulence includes factors that _____

A

allow pathogen to attach to host cell, avoid immune defenses, damage host

81
Q

______: number of pathogens introduced; minimum number of pathogens required to produce symptoms

A

the dose

82
Q

_______: influences extent of spread

A

the incubation period

83
Q

if few cells enter, immune system may ____

A

eliminate organism before symptoms appear

84
Q

long ______ can allow extensive spread before first symptoms appear

A

incubation period

85
Q

_______ comes from previous exposure or immunization

A

immunity to pathogen

86
Q

_______ protects non-immune individuals in population; >90% immunity typically sufficient

A

herd immunity

87
Q

______ can overcome herd immunity

A

antigenic variation

88
Q

aspects of general health

A

malnutrition, overcrowding, fatigue

89
Q

______ are more susceptible to disease

A

developing areas

90
Q

____ or ____ people generally more susceptible to disease

A

very young, elderly

91
Q

immune system less developed in ____

A

young people

92
Q

immune system ____ in elderly

A

wanes

93
Q

_____ are less likely to update immunizations

A

elderly

94
Q

_____ more likely to develop urinary tract infections

A

women (urethra is shorter, microbes more likely to ascend)

95
Q

______ provides protective antibodies to infant

A

breastfeeding

96
Q

consumers of _____ are more likely to acquire tapeworm

A

raw fish

97
Q

natural immunity varies widely among _____

A

genetic backgrounds

98
Q

lack of _______ on red blood cell gives immunity to Plasmodium vivax

A

receptor

99
Q

lack of ______ on white blood cell reduces susceptibility to HIV

A

co-receptor

100
Q

factors that influence the epidemiology of disease

A

gender, behavioral practices, genetic background, characteristics of the environment, characteristics of the host

101
Q

______ allow survival in damaging conditions

A

endospores

102
Q

exposure to ______ allows development of resistant organisms

A

antibiotics

103
Q

_______: data collected during an outbreak to determine possible risk factors for disease spread

A

descriptive study

104
Q

the person: _________ may all yield clues about risk

A

age, gender, ethnicity, occupation, personal habits, pervious illnesses, socioeconomic class, marital status

105
Q

the place: _______ might affect transmission

A

geographic location that helps pinpoint source, yield clues about potential reservoirs, vectors, or boundaries

106
Q

the time: ______ can affect transmission

A

the season

107
Q

vector-borne diseases are more common in ____ weather

A

warm

108
Q

________ provides support for labs in the US and abroad; collects data on diseases that impact public health

A

centers for disease control and prevention (CDC)

109
Q

the CDC collects data on over ____ notable diseases

A

50

110
Q

public health departments in each state have authority to _____ diseases that must be reported

A

mandate

111
Q

the world health organization (WHO) has four main functions:

A

provide worldwide guidance in field of health
set global standards for health
cooperatively strengthen national health programs
develop and transfer appropriate health technology

112
Q

the world health organization provides education and technical assistance to ____ member states

A

193

113
Q

many diseases reduced through improved _____

A

sanitation, reservoir and vector control, vaccination, and antibiotic treatment

114
Q

in US, many formerly common diseases are

A

rare

115
Q

_____ has been eradicated globally; work underway to eradicate measles, polio, dracuncaliasis

A

smallpox

116
Q

_______: novel or have recently increased in incidence

A

emerging infectious disease

117
Q

new or newly recognized diseases include _____

A

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), ebolar, zika

118
Q

disease increasing in incidence include _____ and ______

A

malaria, tuberculosis

119
Q

example of microbial evolution

A

vibrio cholerae gained ability to produce capsule; antibiotic resistance can contribute to reemergence of disease

120
Q

changes in human society: ______ relatively new in US allow easy transfer of pathogens such as those that cause colds or diarrhea

A

day-care centers

121
Q

______ has led to increased contact with reservoirs of disease (Lyme disease; deforestation in Amazon basin)

A

population expansion

122
Q

(development) dams extend range of _____ by increasing habitat for host snail

A

schistosomiasis

123
Q

______ has caused food borne illnesses to easily spread

A

mass production, widespread distribution, and importation of food

124
Q

_______ have caused refugee camps with poor conditions

A

war and civil unrest: disruption of infrastructure and eradication efforts

125
Q

because of _______, warm temperatures favor reproduction of some arthropods that serve as vectors

A

climate change

126
Q

healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) acquired while receiving treatment in a _______

A

healthcare setting such as hospital, therapy center, urgent care facility, or long-term care residence

127
Q

healthcare-associated infections are one of top _____ causes of death in united states

A

10

128
Q

healthcare-associated infections occur in

A

dense populations of unusually susceptible people, where the most resistant and virulent pathogens may criculate

129
Q

hospital-acquired ______ affect up to 5% of patients

A

nosocomial infections

130
Q

acinetobacter baumanii

A

enviornmental bacterium found on skin of healthy people; causes a variety of HAIs; most strains are multi-drug resistant

131
Q

candida species

A

yeasts; part of the normal microbiota; common cause of blood stream infections

132
Q

examples of reservoirs of infectious agents in healthcare settings

A

other patients, some gram-negative rods can thrive in (sinks, ventilators, toilets), healthcare workers, visitors, patient microbiota

133
Q

direct transmission in healthcare settings can happen through ____

A

healthcare personnel (must be vigilant with hand washing, disinfecting, gloves)

134
Q

indirect transmission in healthcare settings can happen through ____

A

medical devices (catheters, IV lines, mechanical ventilators, inadequately sterilized invasive instruments)
airborne (reduce with air pressure, careful mopping, HEPA filters)

135
Q

category A agents of bioterrorism

A

bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism)
yersinia pestis (plague)
smallpox virus
francisella tularensis (tularemia)
viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers

135
Q

category A agents of bioterrorism

A

bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism)
yersinia pestis (plague)
smallpox virus
francisella tularensis (tularemia)
viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers

135
Q

category A agents of bioterrorism

A

bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
clostridium botulinum toxin (botulism)
yersinia pestis (plague)
smallpox virus
francisella tularensis (tularemia)
viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers

136
Q

clostridium difficile

A

toxin-producing strains can cause diarrhea and colitis in people taking antibiotics

137
Q

enterobacteriaceae species

A

part of the normal intestinal microbiota; cause a variety of HAIs; some are not easily treated because they are resistant to last resort antibiotics

138
Q

enterococcus species

A

part of the normal intestinal microbiota; cause a variety of HAIs; some have developed antimicrobial resistance

139
Q

pseudomonas species

A

grow in most, nutrient-poor environments such as the humidifier of a mechanical ventilator; cause a variety of HAIs, including infections of burn wounds; some are multi-drug resistant

140
Q

staphylococcus aureus

A

many people are carriers; transmissible on fomites; often resistant to a variety of antimicrobial drugs; causes a variety of HAIs

141
Q

urinary tract infections

A

infections of the bladder or kidneys; most hospital-acquired UTIs are associated with catheter use

142
Q

bloodstream infections

A

infectious agents in the blood can lead to sepsis, particularly in sick or immunocompromised individuals; hospital cases are often associated with central lines (caterers placed near the heart) that may allow infectious agents to enter the bloodstream directly

143
Q

surgical site infections

A

barriers such as skin and mucous membranes are breached, increasing vulnerability to infection; normal microbiota from the skin or gastrointestinal (GI) tract are common causes

144
Q

pneumonia

A

lung infection; in hospitals, many cases are associated with ventilator use; most common cause of death from nosocomial infection in critically ill patients

145
Q

gastrointestinal infections

A

most hospital-acquired GI infections are due to clostridium difficult; related to antibiotic use

146
Q

other infections

A

infection sites including skin, eyes, uterus, burns, and others

microbio (8 decks)

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