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Physiology Lecture > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of respiratory system

A

Supply O2 to tissues, remove CO2

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2
Q

components of respiratory system

A

upper-nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
lower- larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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3
Q

functional divisions

A

conducting zone and respiratory zone

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4
Q

function of conducting zone

A

cleanses, humidifies, warms air and ducts

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5
Q

respiratory zone function

A

site of gas exchange, aveoli, bronchioles

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6
Q

conducting zone parts

A

nasal cavity, nasal conchae, pharynx, larynx, trachea, carnia

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7
Q

nasal conchae

A

increase mucosal surface which provides more mucous interaction with turbulent air and traps more dust particles

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8
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

lines superior region of the nasal cavity where olfactory receptors are located

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9
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

lines the rest of nasal cavity

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10
Q

epithelium of respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with scattred goblet cells

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11
Q

epithelia

A

ciliated and cause waves of mucos toward throat for swallowing

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12
Q

if the cilia is cold

A

the nose drips

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13
Q

if nose becomes red

A

blood vessel engorge with blood to warm air

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14
Q

paranasal sinus

A

surround nasal cavity and warms and moistens air to produce mucus that drains into nasal cavity

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15
Q

parts of the nasal cavity

A

nasal conchane, olfactory mucosa, respiratory mucosa, epithelelia

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16
Q

pharynx

A

connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus, 5”

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17
Q

3 divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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18
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to nasal cavity, only an airway lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, tonsils and closed off during swallowing

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19
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to oral cavity, both food and air so stratified squamous

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20
Q

larygopharynx

A

posterior to epiglottis, continous with esophagus, both food and air so stratified squamous

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21
Q

larynx

A

attached to hyoid, on top of trachea, behind laryngeal prominence, epithelium is ciliated pseudostratified

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22
Q

functions of larynx

A

open airway, ensures air and food go into correct channels and voice production

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23
Q

voice production

A

vocal folds are elastic fibers that make sound when air rushes over them

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24
Q

higher pitch

A

shorter vocal folds, vibrate faster

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25
Q

lower pitch

A

longer vocal folds, vibrate slower

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26
Q

valsalva’s maneuver

A

vocal folds act as sphincter and close off trachea, occurs when we cough, sneeze, gag, vomit

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27
Q

process of valsalvas manuever

A

glottis closes-abdominal muscles contract-pressure rises

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28
Q

Trachea

A

decends into mediatimun dividing into two bronchi

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29
Q

walls of trachea

A

mucosa, submucosa, adventita

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30
Q

mucosa

A

pseudostratfied ciliated epithelia with goblet cells, cilia propel debreis

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31
Q

submucosa

A

CT, lots of serous and mucos glands

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32
Q

Adventita

A

CT, reinforced by hyaline cartilage, stretches during inhalation, recoils during exhalation

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33
Q

carnia

A

last piece of tracheal cartilage before it splits

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34
Q

right main bronchus is ___ than the left

A

shorter and wider

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35
Q

how does the bronchus divide

A

into secondary broncus-tertiary bronchi-bronchioles

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36
Q

as bronchi get smaller

A

cartilage disappears, epithelium becomes cuboidal, mucous production decreases

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37
Q

Respiratory zone

A

begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles to aveolar ducts to aveolar sacs to aveoli

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38
Q

aveoli

A

type 1 and 2 cells, pores, macrophages

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39
Q

external surface of aveoli

A

covered by capallaries and elastic fibers

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40
Q

type 1 cells

A

single layered squamous epithelial cells

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41
Q

type 2 cells

A

cuboidal cells, secrete surfacant onto epithelium

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42
Q

surfactant

A

interupts polar force of H2O that coats aveolar walls to decrease surface tension

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43
Q

aveolar pores

A

equalize air pressure

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44
Q

macrophages

A

crawl freely on surface to keep aveoli sterile

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45
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

aveolar membrane and basal lamina and capillary membrane

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46
Q

apex of lung

A

beneath clavicle

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47
Q

base of lung

A

sits on diaphragm

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48
Q

hilum of lung

A

medial surface through which blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerves, bronchi enter and exit

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49
Q

Segments of right lung

A

10

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50
Q

segments of left lung

A

8-10

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51
Q

what serves each segment

A

tertiary bronchus, pulmonary art and vein, bronchial artery, nerves, lymphatic vessel

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52
Q

what sections each lung

A

CT into pyramid shaped bronchopulmonary segments

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53
Q

CT walls help..

A

confine spread or disease

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54
Q

lung lobules

A

smallest visile subdivision

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55
Q

stroma

A

rest of lung tissue, mainly elastic CT

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56
Q

blood supply of lungs

A

pulmonary, bronchial

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57
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood for oxygenation in pulmonary capillaries, returns via pulmonary veins

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58
Q

pressure and volume in pulmonary

A

low pressure, high volume

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59
Q

bronchial circulation

A

provides oxygenated blood to lung tissue except aveoli

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60
Q

steps of bronchial circulation

A

bronchial arteries branch from aorta, enter hilum, and run along bronchi to deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissue

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61
Q

what returns bronchial blood to heart

A

many anastomes between bronchial and pulmonary, blood returns to heart via pulmonary

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62
Q

nerve supply

A

afferent and efferent

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63
Q

afferent nerves

A

visceral sensory to the brain, pain

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64
Q

efferent nerves

A

para, bronchial constriction
sym-bronchia dilation

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65
Q

pleurae

A

double layered serosa membrane, parietal and visceral, secrete fluid in cavity

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66
Q

parietal pleurae

A

covers thoracic wall

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67
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers lungs

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68
Q

pleurisy

A

lack of fluid in pleura

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69
Q

daltons law

A

the total pressure exerted by air is the sum of the pressures of each of the gasses in the air

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70
Q

pressure in the lunch

A

760 mm Hg

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71
Q

nitrogen pressure

A

597

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72
Q

oxygen pressure

A

159

73
Q

CO2 pressure

A

0.3 mm Hg

74
Q

H2O pressure

A

3.7 mm Hg

75
Q

intraoulmonary pressure

A

pressure in the alveoli, flucuates

76
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the pleura pressure, always negative

77
Q

why is intrapleural pressure negative

A

because the pleural cavity is sealed but the two serosal membranes are trying to seperate from each other

78
Q

Ventilating the lungs

A

when the volume of the air in thoracic cavity changes

79
Q

pressure___ when you inhale, pressure ___ when you exhale

A

decrease, increases

80
Q

boyle’s law

A

PV=PV
as pressure decreases, volume increases
as pressure increases, volume decreases

81
Q

inspiration

A

pressure in lung must decrease, therefore volume must increase

82
Q

causes of volume of lunch increasing

A

diaphragm contracts and moves down and flattens, external intercostal muscles contract, lift ribs up

83
Q

inspiration decreases ___ and ___

A

intrapulmonary and intrapleural

84
Q

expiration

A

pressure in lungs must increase, therefore volume decreases

85
Q

causes of volume decreasing

A

diaphragm relaxes and move upwards, external intercostal muscles relax

86
Q

expiration increases ____ and ___

A

intrapulmonary and intrapleaural

87
Q

factors influencing ventilation

A

airway resistance, aveolar tension forces, lung compliance

88
Q

airway resistance

A

the wider the lumen, the lower the resistance

89
Q

fisrt part of conducting zone resistance

A

bronchi has a wide lumen and extensive branching so the resistance is very low

90
Q

medium sized bronchi

A

greatest resistance

91
Q

smallest bronchi

A

diffusion is main driving force so resistance is not an issue

92
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

para, gettting smaller

93
Q

bronchodialation

A

sym, gettingbigger

94
Q

aveolar tension forces

A

forces want to collapse the alveoli due to high surface tension of water which is reduced by surfacant

95
Q

lung compliance

A

stretchiness, the ease which lungs can expand, reduce by fibrosis

96
Q

respiratory voumes

A

tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume

97
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled then exhaled during quiet breathing, 500 ml

98
Q

inspratory reserve volume

A

what you can inhale above 500

99
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

what you can blow out over 500

100
Q

residual volume

A

what is always left inside your lungs

101
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

volume of air inhaled after tidal

102
Q

functional residual capacit

A

volume of air remaining in lungs after tidal exhalation

103
Q

vital capacity

A

the volume of exchangeable air

104
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of all four

105
Q

spirometer

A

can measure the rate at which air enters and exits the lung, show respirator function

106
Q

forced vital capacity

A

measures how quickly the vital capacity can be expelled

107
Q

forced expiratory capacity

A

the amount of air expelled during specific time intervales

108
Q

minute ventilation

A

the amount of air that flows in and our of the respiratory system per minute

109
Q

quiet breathing

A

500 ml/breath at 12 breaths/min

110
Q

during vigrous exercise

A

200 l/min

111
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

more accurate measurement takes into account the air that remains in the conducting zone

112
Q

AVR equation

A

AVR= frequency X TV(dead space)

113
Q

What do we inhale into the lungs

A

PO2=160
PCO2= 0.3

114
Q

what goes into the alveoli

A

PO2= 104
PCO2= 40

115
Q

Oxygen in lungs

A

O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries, and returned to the heart

116
Q

PO2 in alveoli

A

104 mm Hg

117
Q

PO2 entering the capillaries

A

100 mm Hg

118
Q

Carbon dioxide in the lungs

A

CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli

119
Q

PCO2 in the blood

A

45 mm Hg

120
Q

PCO2 entering the alveoli

A

40mm Hg

121
Q

Oxygen in the tissues

A

O2 diffuses from blood into the tissue cells, then blood leaves tissues to go back to alveoli

122
Q

PO2 in arteries

A

100 mm Hg

123
Q

PO2 blood leaves the tissues

A

less then 40 mm Hg

124
Q

Carbon Dioxide in the tissues

A

CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood and is going back to the alveoli

125
Q

PCO2 in the tissues

A

less then 45 mmHG

126
Q

PCO2 leaving the tissues

A

45 mm Hg

127
Q

ventilation

A

air flow

128
Q

perfusion

A

blood flow

129
Q

ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

ventilation-perfusion must be matched to ensure that the blood leaving the lungs fully oxygenated

130
Q

low ventilation

A

low Po2 and high PCO2, terminal arterioles constrict and blood is redirected, bronchioels dilate to allow CO2 to be exhaled more easily

131
Q

high ventilation

A

high PO2 and low PCO2, terminal arterioles dilate and increase blood flow; O2 goes into lungs easier and bronchiles constrict

132
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

O2 binds to hemoglobin

133
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

HHb is reduced hemoglobin, no O2

134
Q

When PO2 is 104, how saturated is the HB?

A

100% saturated

135
Q

what happens as blood flows through systemic capillaries?

A

the Hb drops 25% of O2

136
Q

at 40 mmHg, what happens with Hb

A

first O2 is droped

137
Q

what changes Hb affinity for O2?

A

temp, blood, pH, PCO2

138
Q

when temp increases…what happens to Hb affinity

A

affinity decreases so O2 offloads before PO2 reaches 40 mmHg, curve shifts right

139
Q

When temp decreases, what happens to Hb affinity?

A

When temp decreases, affinity increases so O2 offloads after 40 mmHg, curve shifts left

140
Q

When PCO2 or pH is increased, what happens to Hb affinitiy?

A

affinity decreases, offloads before 40, curve shifts right

141
Q

When PCO2 or pH is decreased, what happens to Hb affinitiy?

A

affinity increases, so offloads after 40, shifts left

142
Q

3 ways of carbon dioxide transport

A

dissolved in plasma- 7-10%
bound to Hb-carbamino 20%
in plasma as bicarbonate-70%

143
Q

equation of bicarbonate

A

CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3 <—> H + HCO3

144
Q

chloride shift

A

HCO3 diffuses out of RBC, so Cl replaces the negative charge in the plasma

145
Q

enzyme of bicarbonate

A

carbonic anhydrase

146
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 + Hb —-> HbCO2

147
Q

Blood pH buffers

A

buffered by Hb or other proteins

148
Q

what happens if H ions levels rise

A

ions will combine with HCO3 to make H2CO3, this removes H and normalizes pH

149
Q

what happens if H levels drop

A

ions will be produced when H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3 + H

150
Q

what effect does shallow breathing have

A

increased CO2–> increased H2CO3—> decreased pH of blood —> acidosis

151
Q

acidosis

A

pH of 7.2

152
Q

what effec does deep or rapid breathing have?

A

decreased CO2 —> decreased H2CO3 —> increased pH of blood—-> alkalosis

153
Q

alkalosis

A

pH 7.6

154
Q

Control of respiration

A

medullary respiratory centers, pontine, VRG and DRG

155
Q

VRG

A

ventral respiratory group

156
Q

when inspiratory neurons fire, the VRG,…

A

EPSP are sent along the phernic and intercostal nerves
external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
thorax explands
air moves in

157
Q

when expiratory neurons fire the VRG…

A

IPSP along the phernic and intercostal nerves stop
External intercostals and diaphragm relax
thorax reduces in volume
air moves out

158
Q

DRG

A

dorsal respiratory group, integrates input from stretch and chemo Rs and send to VRG

159
Q

nromal respiratory rhythm

A

12-15 times/min

160
Q

inhalation time

A

2 s

161
Q

exhalation time

A

3 s

162
Q

eupnea

A

normal rate and rhythm

163
Q

apnea

A

not breathing

164
Q

orthopnea

A

inability to breath lying down

165
Q

cheyne-stokes breathing

A

abnormal breathing pattern just before death

166
Q

VRG suppressants

A

sleeping pills, morphine, alcohol

167
Q

Pontine Respiratory centers

A

pons, modify the acticity of medullary neurons, smooth out transition from inhalation to exhalation

168
Q

what transmits pulses to VRG

A

Pontine respiratory group, fine tunes rhythm generated during vocalization, sleep, exercise

169
Q

chemical factors

A

levels CO2, O2, H, detected by chemoreceptors

170
Q

what is the most potent chemical for control of respiration?

A

CO2

171
Q

hypercapnia

A

high levels of CO2

172
Q

What happens if CO2 levels rise too high?

A

H2CO3 dissociates, H ions excite central chemo R in medulla, hyperventilation that flushes out excess CO2

173
Q

how does PO2 influence breathing

A

indirectly by changing peripheral chemo R sensitiviity to PCO2

174
Q

Herring-Breuer inflation reflex

A

protective mechanism that prevents excess stretching of lungs, when baroreceptors in visceral pleurae send impulses to medulla, inspiration is stopped

175
Q

hypothalmic

A

emotion, pain, temp

176
Q

cortical

A

exert conscious contol, cerebral motor neurons bypass medulla

177
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

irrevisable dyspnea, coughing, respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia

178
Q

emphysema

A

breakdown of alveolar walls

179
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

distinguesd by excessive mucos production and inflamed bronchi

Physiology Lecture (10 decks)

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