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EQM351 > Feeding Related Problems in Horses Exam 2 > Flashcards

Feeding Related Problems in Horses Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two things need to be considered when selecting feeds for horses?

A

-nutritional value
-feed quality

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2
Q

How to determine nutritional value?

A

-nutrient requirements vary
-choose feeds that meet needs closely
-avoid deficiencies

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3
Q

How to determine feed quality?

A

choose feeds that are free from
-toxins
-microbial contaminants
-insect contaminants
-injurious materials

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4
Q

What can white mold cause?

A

respiratory inflammation

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5
Q

What can tall fescue become infected with?

A

endophytes

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6
Q

Where is tall fescue common?

A

in the Southeastern US

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7
Q

Endophyte

A

a fungus that lives inside the plant
-conveys some hardiness

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8
Q

What do endophytes produce?

A

ergot alkaloids (including ergovaline)

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9
Q

What affect does ergot alkaloids have on animals?

A

-a negative affect
-vasoconstriction (leads to more heat stress)
-hormonal disregulation

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10
Q

What horses are most negatively affected by endophyte infected tall fescue?

A

late term pregnant mares

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11
Q

What are the signs/problems caused by infected mares?

A

-delayed/absent mammary development (no milk)
-prolonged gestation
-large weak foals
-placental thickening (“red bag” at foaling)
-dystocia

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12
Q

What occurs during normal foaling?

A

the pale white/gray amnion comes out first and the chorionic surface of the placenta is still in the uterus

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13
Q

What occurs during red bag foaling?

A

the placenta has prematurely separated and the chorionic surface appears first

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14
Q

How to prevent endophyte infections

A

limit exposure of late term pregnant mares
-eliminate infected tall fescue from broodmare fields
-use tall fescue varieties without the toxic endophyte
-use other grasses in paddocks

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15
Q

When does ergot alkaloid production increase?

A

when the plant is actively growing (April, May, June)

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16
Q

When does ergot alkaloid production decrease?

A

when the plant is dormant (winter)

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17
Q

What time of year is there more risk to mares foaling?

A

late spring (rather than Jan. and Feb.)

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18
Q

Domperidone

A

a drug that will speed up foaling (won’t reverse the effects on the foal but will get the foal out asap)

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19
Q

EquineLeukoencephalomalacia (ELEM)

A

central nervous system dysfunction associated with brain damage
-“moldy corn poisoning”

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20
Q

Symptoms of ELEM

A

-ataxia
-circling/head pressing
-recumbency
-death

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21
Q

Treatment of ELEM

A

no significant treatment, but supportive therapy

22
Q

What specific mold causes ELEM?

A

fusarium moniliforme (a type of myotoxin)

23
Q

Fusarium moniliforme

A

-mycotoxin
-produces fumonisins

24
Q

What animal is especially sensitive to fusarium moniliforme?

A

horses (more than cattle/swine/etc.)

25
Q

What does mold usually associate with?

A

poor growing conditions (drought, high humidity, flooding, etc.)

26
Q

Do fines or whole kernels have higher concentrations of mold and why?

A

fines doe because the moldy corn kernels break more easily

27
Q

How can ELEM be prevented?

A

testing corn used in horse feeds, and contaminated corn should not be put in those horse feeds

28
Q

What do blister beetles produce?

A

cantharidin

29
Q

Symptoms of blister beetles

A

-contact irritant-mouth and GI (causes blisters)
-affects kidneys and heart
-cardiac irregularities
-death

30
Q

What are the first signs of blister beetles?

A

mouth blisters and GI upset (colic/diarrhea)

31
Q

How many grams of beetles are considered toxic?

A

4-6 grams (not a lot)

32
Q

When are horses exposed to blister beetles?

A

-alfalfa hay
-beetles are attracted to flowers

33
Q

When is contamination more likely occuring?

A

during flowering

34
Q

When do beetles become adults?

A

in late spring/summer

35
Q

Where are blister beetles less common?

A

in cooler climates

36
Q

Selenium

A

an essential nutrient found in the soil (trace mineral)

37
Q

Where in the US is selenium soil distribution low?

A

-north midwest
-florida
-north west coast
-canada

38
Q

When may horses be deficient in selenium?

A

when they are fed forage only diets in selenium low parts of the country

39
Q

Who is selenium deficiency most commonly identified in?

A

in neonates from dams in low Se areas that are not receiving fortified grain mixes

40
Q

What else can be involved in Se deficiency?

A

vitamin E deficiency

41
Q

What can Se deficiency cause?

A

nutritional muscular dystrophy (White muscle disease)

42
Q

Symptoms of Se deficiency

A

-weak foals when born
-foals become weak when exercised
-skeletal and cardiac muscle affected
-white muscle disease

43
Q

How to prevent Se deficiency

A

provide adequate Se diets

44
Q

How narrow/wide is the margin between Se deficiency and Se excess?

A

very narrow (most narrow margin nutrient)

45
Q

Symptoms of chronic toxicity of Se

A

loss of hair and hooves

46
Q

Toxicity of Se affects what?

A

the bonding in certain sulfur containing amino acids

47
Q

When does chronic Se excess/toxicity exposure occur?

A

-consumption of Se accumulator plants in high Se areas
-over supplementation

48
Q

When is Se toxicity relatively uncommon (unless oversupplmented)

A

KY

49
Q

Symptoms of acute Se toxicity

A

-muscle dysfunction
-cardiac dysregulation
-death

50
Q

When does acute Se toxicity exposure occur?

A

injectable Se overdose

51
Q

What are some other feed related problems in horses?

A

-feed contamination by antibiotics/growth promoting compounds used in other species
-feed mixing errors that add too much of a nutrient
-feed contamination by rodents/wildlife

EQM351 (28 decks)

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