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Farm Animal (Poppy) > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Proactive vet role in managing reproduction

A

Cycle manipulation/advancing breeding season
Pre-breeding soundness examinations
Use of estimated breeding values

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2
Q

Reactive vet role in reproduction

A

Investigating infertility
Abortion outbreaks
Dystocia

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3
Q

What are caruncles?

A

Placental attachment site

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4
Q

Follicle key features

A

Contains oocyte (egg)
Fluid filled (anechoic on US)
Secretes oestradiol that drives oestrus
Multiple stages of development

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5
Q

Corpus luteum key features

A

Highly vascularised, transient endocrine gland
Solid (homogenous, medium echogenicity on US)
Progesterone production
Bigger than a follicle

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6
Q

Length of oestrus cycle in a cow

A

21 days

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7
Q

Length of luteal phase in a cow

A

17 days

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8
Q

Length of proestrus in a cow

A

3 days (no signs)

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9
Q

Hormone changes during proestrus in a cow

A

Decreasing progesterone, increasing oestrogen

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10
Q

What happens 24 hours after an LH surge in the cow?

A

Ovulation

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11
Q

When should a cow be artificially inseminated?

A

6h after onset of oestrus (so really as soon as it is observed)

Reason: LH surge mid oestrus, ovulation 24h after LH surge/12h after end of oestrus

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12
Q

How many follicular waves does a cow have per cycle?

A

2 or 3

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13
Q

Can a cow have more than one follicle at a time?

A

Yes, new and regressing follicles may be present at the same time

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14
Q

If a cow has an old CL, a large follicle and a small follicle which phase of its cycle is it in?

A

Follicular phase

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15
Q

Is it possible to determine the difference between a small follicle and a regressing follicle?

A

No

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16
Q

What phase of the cycle is a cow in with a CL and a large follicle present?

A

Mid luteal phase (CL is dominant)

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17
Q

Duration of oestrus in the cow

A

5-18h

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18
Q

Oestrus cycle length in the ewe

A

17 days

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19
Q

Duration of oestrus in the ewe

A

24-36h

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20
Q

Time of ovulation in the ewe

A

30-36 hours from beginning of oestrus (towards end of oestrus)

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21
Q

Oestrus cycle length in the sow

A

21 days

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22
Q

Duration of oestrus in the sow

A

48-72h

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23
Q

Timing of ovulation in the sow

A

35-45 hours from beginning of oestrus

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24
Q

Main challenge with insemination of the cow

A

Detecting oestrus (for artificial insemination)

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25
Q

Main challenges with insemination of the ewe

A

Correct ram:ewe ratio and identification of mated ewes

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26
Q

When should a sow be artificially inseminated?

A

2nd day after onset of standing oestrus, usually two inseminations

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27
Q

What initiates return to oestrus in the sow?

A

Weaning (LH surge, oestrus within 7 days)

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28
Q

How does the suckling effect prevent oestrus in the sow?

A

Early follicular activity occurs
Prolactin suppresses LH so ovulation does not occur

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29
Q

Short term acting GnRH actions

A

Induces LH/FSH surge to hasten ovulation
Hastens impending oestrus
‘Force’ ovulation/leutinisation of cystic structures

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30
Q

How soon after GnRH administration will cows ovulate? How soon after GnRH administration should fixed AI occur?

A

Ovulation: ~26 hours
AI: ~6 hours (no oestrus signs)

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31
Q

FSH actions

A

Stimulates antral follicular growth

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32
Q

Product with FSH-like action

A

eCG

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33
Q

Clinical use of FSH

A

Superovulation (administer early in follicular wave, often requires repeated doses)

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34
Q

Action of LH

A

Stimulates maturation of follicles and luteinisation
Provides luteal support

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35
Q

Drug that binds to LH receptor and has LH-like activity

A

HCG

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36
Q

Clinical uses of LH

A

Induce ovulation when animals are in oestrus
Force ovulation when there is repeated failure of conception
Treatment of cystic ovaries

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37
Q

Effect of progesterone

A

Negative feedback on hypothalamus/pituitary (suppresses hypothalamic-gonadal axis), mimics luteal phase and cow will immediately enter follicular phase

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38
Q

What forms do exogenous progestogens come in for cows/ewes?

A

Vaginal sponges for oestrus induction/synchronisation

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39
Q

What forms do exogenous progestogens come in for mares/sows?

A

Oral liquid for oestrus suppression, induction or synchronisation (Regumate)

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40
Q

Prostaglandin F2a action

A

Lysis of mature CL and smooth muscle contraction (termination of luteal phase or induction of abortion/parturition)

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41
Q

Clinical uses of the ecbolic effect of exogenous prostaglandin

A

Treatment of chronic metritis or pyometra if CL is present

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42
Q

Methods of stimulating onset of cyclicity in ewes

A

Melatonin
Progestogen sponges for ~14d in combination with eCG/GnRH
Ram effect

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43
Q

Excess fluid accumulation in the allantois (placental origin)

A

Hydroallantois

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44
Q

Clinical signs of hydroallantois

A

Bilateral abdominal distension
Uncomfortable
Inappatent
Reduced/absent rumen function due to compression
Recumbency
Tight uterine wall palpable per rectum

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45
Q

Prognosis with hydroallantois

A

Guarded to poor (if survives cull recommended as poor reproductive performance/recurrence likely)

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46
Q

Excess fluid accumulation in the amnion (fetal origin)

A

Hydroamnoin

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47
Q

Do hydroamnion or hydroallantois come with fetal abnormalities?

A

Hydroamnion (fetus not swalling or digesting fluids)

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48
Q

Future breeding prognosis of dam in hydroamnion

A

Reasonable

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49
Q

Which condition would you suspect if there was a large volume of thick, syrupy fluid and fetal abnormalities at parturition?

A

Hydroamnion

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50
Q

Treatment for dropsical/’dropsy’ conditions in cows

A

Induce/terminate pregnancy (prostaglandin/steroids)
Fluids (correct hypovolaemia and electrolyte disturbances)
Trochar and drain fluid

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51
Q

Common fetal malformation causing limb ankylosis

A

Arthrogryposis

52
Q

Management of neonates with arthrogryposis

A

Euthanasia (unable to stand)

53
Q

Most important cause of arthrogryposis in sheep, goats and cattle (should test if there are multiple cases)

A

Schmallemberg virus

54
Q

Name for ‘inside out’ fetus (rare genetic malformation)

A

Schistosomus reflex

55
Q

How to manage dystocia of schistomosus reflexus calf

A

Fetotomy/c-section

56
Q

How is schistomosus reflexus differentiated from a uterine rupture?

A

Thorough clinical and vaginal examination to establish whether intestines belong to cow or fetus

57
Q

What causes short legs, domed head and brachygnathia inferior (undershot jaw)

A

Congenital chondrodysplasia

58
Q

Teratogenic viruses that cause hydrocephalus

A

BVDv
BTV/blue tongue virus
Akabane virus (not UK)

59
Q

Why does hydrocephalus cause dystocia?

A

Head is too big, require partial fetotomy (remove head) or c section

60
Q

What condition causes large neonates (2x average size), dystocia and macroglossia?

A

Large offspring syndrome/abnormal offspring syndrome

61
Q

Are calves with large offspring syndrome usually alive?

A

Yes but require caesarean

62
Q

Ancephaly

A

No head

63
Q

Otocephaly

A

Some head structures present but no skull

64
Q

Bicephaly

A

Two heads

65
Q

Options for correction of dystocia

A

Manual correction and delivery per vaginum
Caesarean options
Fetotomy
Euthanasia (dam +/- fetus)

66
Q

What can be helpful for manual correction of dystocia?

A

Epidural

67
Q

When is caesarean contraindicated?

A

Decomposing calf

68
Q

Indications for subcutaneous fetotomy

A

Correction achievable through limb removal only (but as for percutaneous)
Make incision through skin and only dissect limb away from body (less tiring, less equipment)

69
Q

Indications for percutaneous fetotomy

A

Feto-maternal disproportion
Pathological fetal oversize
Congenital fetal malformations
Malpresentation that cannot be corrected

70
Q

What drives puberty in cattle?

A

Weight (~2/3rd of adult BW)

71
Q

Problems with unwanted pregnancy in heifers

A

Poor heifer growth (won’t catch up after calving)
Increased risk of dystocia (especially with poor heifer growth)

72
Q

Management options for unwanted pregnancy in heifer

A

Wait and see (caesarean likely needed, less optimal outcome in emergency)
Elective caesarean (scan to know gestation duration)
Induce parturition (viable but small fetus)
Terminate pregnancy (prostaglandin, glucocorticoid steroids)

73
Q

Effect of glucocorticoid steroids on pregnancy

A

Reduces placental secretion of progresterone leading to pregnancy loss or induce parturition after day 270

74
Q

Pregnancy termination in cows

A

Early pregnancy: prostaglandin
Mid pregnancy (>150d): prostaglandin and dexamethasone
Late pregnancy (even in last month): dexamethasone

75
Q

Adverse affect of glucocorticoids and prostaglandin on cows when terminating pregnancy

A

Increased likelihood of retained fetal membranes

76
Q

Effect of teratogens on a zygote

A

Embryonic death

77
Q

Effect of teratogens on an embryo

A

Abnormalities developed

78
Q

Effect of teratogens on fetus

A

More resistant to environmental teratogens but late developing structures are still susceptible to being affected

79
Q

At what age does BVDv cause teratogenic effects?

A

80-150 days

80
Q

Common viral teratogens

A

BVD (calves)
Border disease (lambs and kids)
Schmallemberg
Bluetongue
Akabane and Aino virus not currently in UK

81
Q

Environmental teratogens

A

Hemlock
Nitrates/nitrites (nitrate accumulating plants e.g. sugar beet and nitrite based fertilisers)
Ergotism (mouldy feed)
Lead

82
Q

Pharmacological teratogens

A

Benzimidazoles (sheep)
Tetracyclines
Steroids
Prostaglandins
Xylazine

83
Q

How does oestrus behaviour compare between high yielding dairy cows and other cows?

A

High yielding cows exhibit shorter oestrus periods and standing times

84
Q

Which structure is fundamental to pharmacological manipulation of the bovine oestrus cycle?

A

Corpus luteum

85
Q

Treatment for non-cycling cow 80 DIM with pyometra

A

Treat with prostaglandins and recheck
(Not antibiotics)

86
Q

Treatment for a follicular cyst

A

OvSynch protocol
Gonadotrophin
CIRDSynch protocol
(Not prostaglandin)

87
Q

Common cause of anoestrus in beef suckler cows

A

Presence of suckling calves
Poor nutrition/body score second most common

88
Q

Are cattle abortions more commonly infectious or non-infectious?

A

Non-infectious

89
Q

Preferred method for passing a trans-cervical catheter in a cow

A

Insert hand rectally to manipulate cervix over catheter, taking care to avoid peri-cervical pockets

90
Q

Appropriate BCS for tup at breeding

A

2.5-3.5

91
Q

Hock conformational trait that makes it difficult for bull to mount cows/more likely to develop lameness

A

Post legged

92
Q

Effect of pyrexia on male fertility

A

Bad effect, testes need to operate below body temperature or sperm will be killed off

93
Q

Safest method to collect a semen sample from a bull

A

Electroejaculation (no need to be under bull)

94
Q

Magnification to assess progressive motility of a semen sample

A

x200

95
Q

Indications for caesarean section

A

Fetal oversize
Maternal undersize
Fetal deformity
Inadequate cervical dilation
Uterine rupture
Uterine torsion
Uterine inertia
Narrow/abnormal pelvis
Malpresentation of fetus

96
Q

Perioperative drugs in a caesarean section

A

Sedation (a2 agonist IV: xylazine/detomidine)
NSAIDs (flunixin, IV)
Uterine relaxants (b2 adrenergic agonists IV: clenbuterol hydrochloride)
Antibiotics (IM, pen/strep for good penetration/broad spectrum)
Local anaesthetic (procaine hydrochloride and adrenaline)
Caudal epidural? (lidocaine/procaine)

97
Q

Closing after caesarean section

A

Uterus: continuous inverting, absorbable
Lavage? Saline
Suture peritoneum/transverse abdominal muscle, oblique muscle, (subcutaneous?), skin

98
Q

Post operative drugs for caesarean section

A

Oxytocin (IM, facilitate uterine contraction)
Antibiotics (4d)
NSAIDs (following day or longer if required)

99
Q

Techniques to restrain cows for teat surgery

A

Standing in milking parlour
Raise hind leg in foot trimming crush
Tail jack
Sedation

100
Q

Factors of teat laceration with better prognosis

A

<4h, near base, vertical, streak canal not involved, superficial (no milk leaking, just apply bandage)

101
Q

Factors of teat laceration with worse prognosis

A

> 12h, distal end, horizontal, streak canal involved, depth of teat canal (requires immediate three-layer surgical repair)

102
Q

Basal abnormalities causing obstruction/slow milking

A

Congenital in heifers or adhesions resulting from chronic inflammation due to infection in dry period
Hudson’s teat probe and spiral to clear obstruction, debride wound

103
Q

Mid teat abnormalities causing obstruction/slow milking

A

Chronic inflammation, milk calculi (teat peas), neoplasia (bovine papillomatosis) or congenital obstruction
Fragmented and removed via streak using a papillotome

104
Q

Indications for teat amputation

A

Irreversible trauma
Severe/gangrenous mastitis

105
Q

Local anaesthetic for teat surgery

A

Teat cistern infusion, ring block, inverted V block, IVRA
Lidocaine (unlicensed, under cascade as no adrenaline)

106
Q

Three layers of teat that must be sutured following a laceration/trauma

A

Mucosal layer
Submucosal layer
Skin

107
Q

Infectious teat lesions

A

Mastitis (various organisms)
Bovine herpes mamillitis

108
Q

Non-infectious teat lesions

A

Lacerations
Photosensitisation
Hyperkeratosis
Udder oedema
Ischaemic necrosis

109
Q

Transition period for cows

A

3 weeks pre-calving to 3 weeks post-calving

110
Q

Post partum physiology

A

Uterine involution 3-6w
Lochia normal ~23d (red/brown-white discharge, lacks odour)
Late gestation immunosuppression continues in early post-partum
Physical barriers to infection are compromised

111
Q

Non-expulsion of fetal membranes beyond 24h post calving (sheep 18h)

A

Retained fetal membranes
(Normal expulsion within 6h of calving)

112
Q

Placental physiology (including separation)

A

Cotyledonary placenta
Fetal cotyledon + maternal caruncle = placentome
Collagen links interface
Placental separation: breakdown of collagen links, relaxin secretion and decline of progesterone

113
Q

Risk factors for retained fetal membranes

A

Induced parturition
Shortened gestation
Infectious disease that leads to abnormal calving
BDVv
Uterine trauma (caesarean, dystocia, fetotomy)
Nutritional deficiency (Vit. E/selenium)
Abortion
Immunosuppression
Flunixin meglumine

114
Q

Treatment of retained fetal membranes

A

Manual (5-7d, if it comes away freely, no benefit, risk of haemorrhage/uterine tear)
Systematic antibiotic therapy (signs of systemic illness, amoxicillin 3-5d)
Benign neglect (2-11d)

115
Q

Retained fetal membrane impact on production

A

Milk drop
Reproductive (delayed return to cyclicity, longer time to 1st service)
Increased culling risk
Increased risk of secondary health problems (metritis, endometritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum, mastitis)

116
Q

Clinical metritis

A

Not systemically ill
Abnormally enlarged uterus
Purulent uterine discharge
Within 21 days post partum

117
Q

Puerperal metritis

A

Systemic signs of illness/pyrexia
Abnormally enlarged uterus
Fetid watery red-brown discharge
Within 21 days post partum

118
Q

Treatment of metritis (do not treat grade 1, just grade 2/3)

A

Systemic antimicrobials (penicillin 3-5d)
TLC/NSAIDs/oral fluids/calcium borogluconate
Uterine lavage? (Saline, must remove fluid)

119
Q

Clinical endometritis/whites

A

Purulent/mucopurulent uterine discharge >21 days after parturition

120
Q

Subclinical endometritis

A

Neutrophils in uterine cytology sample >21 days after parturition, no uterine discharge

121
Q

Endometritis diagnosis

A

Delayed uterine involution
‘Doughy’ feeling uterus on transrectal palpation
Ultrasound
Cytology

122
Q

Pathogens most commonly identified in endometritis

A

E. coli
T. pyogenes
F. necrophorum

123
Q

Treatment of endometritis

A

PGF2a (stimulate uterine defenses, increase uterine tone and open cervix)
Intrauterine antibiotics (cefapirin: first generation cephalosporin)

124
Q

Pyometra

A

Purulent or mucopurulent material within uterine lumen, causing uterine distension, in the presence of a closed cervix and functional corpus luteum

125
Q

Diagnosis of pyometra

A

Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography
History of anoestrus

126
Q

Treatment of pyometra

A

PGF2a (luteolytic)

Farm Animal (Poppy) (13 decks)

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