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Farm Animal (Poppy) > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious causes of diarrhoea in cows

A

Salmonella
Eimeria spp.
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Cryptosporidium parvum
E. coli
Bovine viral diarrhoea cirus
Rinderpest
Clostridium spp.
Nematodes
Yersinia
Malignant catarrhal fever
Secondary to septicaemia

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2
Q

Non-infectious causes of diarrhoea in cattle

A

Nutritional
Poisonous substances
Mycotoxins
Acidosis
Copper deficiency/toxicity
Cobalt +/- selenium deficiency
Secondary to peritonitis

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3
Q

Pathogens that commonly cause scour outbreaks in cattle

A

Salmonella
Acidosis (population level)
Coronovirus (winter dysentry)
Mycotoxins (spoiled feed)

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4
Q

What is always a differential in scour?

A

Salmonella

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5
Q

What age are cattle affected by Eimeria spp.?

A

Pre-weaning from a few weeks old/post weaning

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6
Q

What pathogen can affect calves at any age pre-weaning?

A

Clostridium

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7
Q

Causes of scour in pre-weaning calves <14d of age

A

Rotavirus
E. coli
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium parvum

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8
Q

Causes of scour in adult housed cattle

A

Winter dysentery (coronavirus)
MAP (Johne’s)

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9
Q

Differentials for scour in house cattle of any age

A

Salmonella (reportable)
Rinderpest (notifiable)
BVD

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10
Q

What causes death (+/- severe diarrhoea) and haemorrhagic, gas filled small intestines on post mortem in the pre-weaned calf?

A

Clostridium

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11
Q

Diagnosis of Eimeria

A

McMasters

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12
Q

Prevention of Eimeria

A

Oral drench (Diclazuril, Toltrazuril)
Decoquinate in feed
Hygiene (bedding management, stocking densities, group management)

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13
Q

What can cause proliferation of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Sudden diet change

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14
Q

Presentation of winter dysentery (coronovirus)

A

Short lived explosive D+
Highly contagious
Predominantly in winter
Cattle in close confinement

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15
Q

Clinical disease caused by Salmonella

A

Septicaemia (especially calves)
Enteritis
Abortion

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16
Q

Sources of Salmonella infection

A

Brought in animals
Birds
Contaminated feed (birds/rodents)
Contaminated water

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17
Q

Pathophysiology of Salmonella infection

A

Once ingested, Salmonella attaches to mucosal cells and destroys enterocytes
Stimulates inflammatory response and ingested by macrophages/PMNs
Rapid dissemination throughout body including lymph tissue
Bacteraemia

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18
Q

Approach if Salmonella is suspected in cattle

A

Contact APHA (reportable)

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19
Q

Salmonella treatment

A

Trimethoprim sulphonamide (gram -ve)
Meloxicam
Fluids (IV/oral)

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20
Q

Factors predisposing cows to sub-acute rumen acidosis

A

Excess starch (high concentrate/slug feeding)
Lack of fibre (dietary sorting/spring grass)
Decreased intake (heat stress/poor cow comfort/poor transition cow management)

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21
Q

Clinical signs of sub-acute rumen acidosis

A

Body condition loss
Variable faecal consistency
Reduced rumen contractility/feed intake
Periodic anorexia
Increased faecal contamination of tail/rump/perineum
Ejected cudballs or reduced rumination

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22
Q

Diagnosis of sub-acute rumen acidosis

A

Rumen fluid sampling (stomach tube/rumenocentesis)

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23
Q

Differentials for melaena

A

Abomasal ulcers
Bovine petechial fever
Arsenic poisoning
Seminal vesiculitis (male)

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24
Q

Causes of abomasal ulcers

A

Intensely managed herds (diets more acidic due to concentrates)
Maize silage
High yielding dairy cows (first 4-6w of lactation/dry period)
Long term NSAIDs
Lymphosarcoma
Abomasal displacement/volvulus

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25
Q

Clinical signs of abomasal ulcer

A

Intermittent occult blood in faeces or death from massive haemorrhage
Mild abdominal pain
Bruxism
Sudden onset anorexia
Tachycardia

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26
Q

Diagnosis of abomasal ulcer

A

Transabdominal ultrasonography
Haematology (PCV determines extent of haemorrhage)
Faecal evaluation for occult blood
Abdominocentesis (perforated ulcers = large quantities of abdominal fluid)

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27
Q

Treatment of abomasal ulcers

A

Improve dietary intake (food = buffer)
Decrease acid secretion (omeprazole)
Blood transfusion

28
Q

Aetiology of LDA

A

(Calving also increases abdominal void)

29
Q

Physiological consequences of L/RDA

A

(rehydrate cow after fixing DA to resolve)

30
Q

Risk factors for LDA

A

Calving (especially large calf/dystocia)
Ketosis
Decreased DMI for any reason
Overconditioned cow near calving
Any periparturient disease (mastitis/metritis/hypocalcaemia etc.)
Big increase in concentrates

31
Q

Surgical approaches to LDA

A

Right sided (Hannover)
Left sided (Utrecht)
Bilateral
Paramedian
Toggle (Grymer-Sterner)
Endoscopic (Christiansen)

32
Q

Differential for scour in older ewes

A

Johnes

33
Q

What causes watery mouth in lambs?

A

E. coli in young lambs (<4d)

34
Q

Control of watery mouth

A

Good hygiene
Colostrum management
(Not prophylactic antibiotic treatment)

35
Q

Clostridia causing sudden death and blood tinged diarrhoea in lambs <3w

A

Clostridia perfringens Type B/lamb dysentery

36
Q

Control of lamb dysentery

A

Vaccination of ewes/lambs vaccinated from 2-3w

37
Q

Which lambs are affected by coccidiosis?

A

Young lambs born early in season
3-12w lambs most at risk

38
Q

Pathogenic Eimeria in sheep

A

E. ovinoidalis
E. crandallis

39
Q

Clinical signs of coccidiosis in lambs

A

Straining
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea +/- blood
Dehydration
Death
Ill thrift/poor growth

40
Q

Protozoal parasite causing disease in young lambs (<10d) and calves, zoonotic with faeco-oral transmission

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

41
Q

Why do Cryptosporidium levels build up over time?

A

Oocytes persist in environment and resistant to many common disinfectants

42
Q

Diagnosis of cryptosporidium

A

Faecal sample/PM

43
Q

Rainbow scour test (calf side)

A

Rotavirus
Coronavirus
E. coli
Cryptosporidium

44
Q

Which endoparasites do sheep not develop immunity to?

A

Fluke
Haemonchus

45
Q

Which endoparasites do cattle not develop immunity to?

A

Fluke
(Lungworm immunity short lived)

46
Q

Pastures high risk for nematodirus

A

Pastures grazed by lambs the spring before

47
Q

Which intestinal parasite of sheep is a pre-patent disease?

A

Nematodirus battus (larvae responsible for disease)

48
Q

Organ affected by nematodirus

A

Small intestine

49
Q

When is the peak risk period of Telodorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta in sheep?

A

Mid spring to late autumn

50
Q

Parasites affecting sheep abomasum

A

Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta
Haemonchus contortus
Trichostrongylus axei

51
Q

Liver fluke

A

Fasciola hepatica

52
Q

Nematode affecting abomasum in cattle

A

Ostertagia ostertagi

53
Q

Nematode affecting small intestine in cattle

A

Cooperia oncophora

54
Q

Nematode affecting lungs in cattle

A

Dictyocaulus viviparous

55
Q

Anthelmintic effective against Nematodirus but with lots of resistance

A

Benzimadazole/BZ/Group 1/White

56
Q

Which anthelmintic is useful for increasing the life of group 1, 2 or 3?

A

Group 4/Orange/AD

57
Q

Which anthelmintic is a dual active product?

A

Group 5/purple (Spiriondole and abamectin)

58
Q

How are farms reducing anthelmintic dependence?

A

Genetics
Grazing management (co grazing, sheep follow cattle, adult ewes on high risk pasture)
Bioactive forage (chicory)

59
Q

In-refugia population

A

Population of worms that are not exposed to treatment to dilute eggs produced by anthelmintic resistant worms

60
Q

How can farmers decide when anthelmintic treatment is required?

A

Pooled faecal egg count (regularly done to track rise)
Poor growth: >300epg
Clinical disease: >500epg
Death: >900epg

61
Q

How should farmers decide which sheep to treat with anthelmintics?

A

Expected DLWG (underperforming = benefit from treatment)

62
Q

How can anthelmintic resistance be monitored to inform anthelmintic choice?

A

Faecal egg count reduction test

63
Q

How is an in-refugia population maintained?

A

Targeted strategic treatment or dose-delay-move

64
Q

How is a faecal egg count reduction test done?

A

Individual samples pre and post drenching
Choose lambs with a high starting FEC (>500epg)
Split into 3 groups and worm each with a different class (BZ, LV, ML)
Resample lambs in 7-14d (<95% reduction = resistance, <50% reduction = drench failure)

65
Q

How can you reduce risk of type 2 ostertagiosis in cattle?

A

Worm at housing with ML to remove inhibited O. ostertagi

66
Q

Which common parasite are FECs not useful at detecting and how should they be treated?

A

Nematodirus
Strategic prophylactic treatment with BZ based on larvae peak (forecasts)

Farm Animal (Poppy) (13 decks)

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