Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 2.1.3 (a,b,d)

Question 1

what are the two types of nucleotide?

Answer 1

DNA
RNA

Question 2

what do nucleic acids contain?

Answer 2

CHONP

Question 3

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 3

nucleotides

Question 4

what is an individual nucleotide made up of?

Answer 4

• 5 carbon ring
• phosphate group
• nitrogenous base

Question 5

what happens when nucleotides undergo condensation reactions?

Answer 5

a polynucleotide is formed

Question 6

what bonds form between adjacent nucleotides?

Answer 6

phosphodiester bonds

to form a sugar-phosphate backbone

Question 7

what reaction breaks phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 7

hydrolysis

Question 8

difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

Answer 8

deoxyribose has one less OH group

Question 9

what are the two groups of DNA bases?

Answer 9

pyrimidines
purines

Question 10

what are the two groups of DNA bases?

Answer 10

pyrimidines
purines

Question 11

what are larger pyrimidines or purines?

Answer 11

purines as they have two carbon rings
pyrimidines have one carbon ring

Question 12

what are the purine bases?

Answer 12

adenine
guanine

Question 13

what are the pyrimidine bases?

Answer 13

cytosine
thymine
uracil

Question 14

what are the structural features of DNA?

Answer 14

made up of many nucleotides
has a double-helix structure
hydrogen bonds between bases
the two strands run anti-parallel

Question 15

adenine and?

Answer 15

thymine/uracil

Question 16

cytosine and?

Answer 16

guanine

Question 17

how many hydrogen bonds between C and G?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

how many hydrogen bonds between A and T?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

why is the sequence of bases important for genetics?

Answer 19

the sequence carries the generic information of an organism

Question 20

what is RNA used fo?

Answer 20

allows for the transfer of genetic information from DNA to produce proteins used in the body

Question 21

why is DNA unable to leave the nucleus?

Answer 21

is too long and large to fit through the nuclear pores

Question 22

what is mRNA used for?

Answer 22

to allow the copy of a gene to leave the nucleus

Question 23

RNA structure

Answer 23

ribose sugar
no thymine, instead uracil

Question 24

steps for DNA extraction

Answer 24

grind sample in mortar
add detergent
add salt
add protease
add ethanol

Question 25

grinding sample in mortar

Answer 25

breaks down the cell call

Question 26

adding detergent

Answer 26

dissolves the phospholipid bilayer and breaks down the cell surface membrane

Question 27

adding salt

Answer 27

causes the hydrogen bonds between DNA and water to break

Question 28

adding protease

Answer 28

breaks down histone proteins which hold the DNA strands together

Question 29

adding ice cold ethanol

Answer 29

allows the DNA to precipitate