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respiratory system > Embryology/Histology > Flashcards

Embryology/Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epithelium for the False vocal cords?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

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2
Q

What is the epithelium for the true vocal folds?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised

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3
Q

Which cartilage is the only cartilage to form a complete ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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4
Q

Where did the Larynx develop from?

A

Develops from laryngotracheal groove at caudal end of floor of primitive pharynx.

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5
Q

From which arches were the laryngeal cartilages developed from?

A

Fourth and Sixth

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6
Q

What type of epithelium lines the Nasopharynx?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells

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7
Q

At what time does respiratory diverticulum (lung bud) starter develop?

A

At 4 weeks

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8
Q

What are the two respiratory epithelium field from which the respiratory system is developed?

A

Cephalad and Caudal

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9
Q

What is another name for pharyngeal tube?

A

Stomodeum

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks. “Cilliary activity in the cells of the respiratory fields will beat and propel secretions distally in the direction of the ______.

A

Buccopharyngeal membrane

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11
Q

What level of the stomodeum will the cephalic respiratory system occupy and what structures will it give rise to?

A

It will occupy the FLOOR of the stomodeum and will give rise to Respiratory diverticulum and its derivatives .

Ceph(F)Alice - Floor

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12
Q

What level of the stomodeum will the caudal respiratory system occupy and what structures will it give rise to?

A

It will occupy the PROXIMAL ROOF of the stomodeum and it will give rise to respiratory lining of the nasal cavity and its derivatives.

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13
Q

What structure does the central region of the pharyngeal tube develop into?

A

The oropharynx

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14
Q

What area of the respiratory system does the respiratory diverticulum develop into and what structures does it give rise to?

A

Develops into the lower respiratory tract airway - gives rise to Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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15
Q

At what time and location does the pharyngeal apparatus develop ?

A

It develops during the 4-5th week, and devolves into the PROXIMAL foregut.

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16
Q

Which pharyngeal arches remain rudimentary and deep within the sternum?

A

5th and 6th Arch

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17
Q

At which pharyngeal arch is the Thyroid cartilage developed from?

A

4th arch

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18
Q

Which cartilage is developed from the 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Cricoid

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19
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The second pharyngeal arch gives rise to the ______ hyoid bone while the third arch gives rise to the ______ hyoid bone.

A

Second- Upper hyoid
Third- Lower hyoid

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20
Q

What external features arise from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Maxillary and Mandibular swellings

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21
Q

In the interval separating of the 6 arches, what is located externally and internally?

A

Externally - Pharyngeal clefts
Internally - Pharyngeal pouches
“ Externally - clEft “

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22
Q

Fill in the blanks.” In the first interval between __ and ____ pharyngeal arches, the pharyngeal cleft and pharyngeal pouch come into proximity to form the ________.”

A

First and Second pharyngeal arches
Pharyngeal membrane

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23
Q

Where are the the bones and cartilagenous components of the pharyngeal arches are derived from?

A

Neural Crest Mesenchyme

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24
Q

True or False. The skeletal muscle and vascular component are derived from original mesenchyme, Somatic mesoderm.

A

FALSE!! They are derived from SPLANCHNIC mesoderm.

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25
Q

Which nerve is a derivative the 4th pharyngeal arch?

A

Vagal plexus and superior laryngeal nerve

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26
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a derivative which pharyngeal arch?

A

5 th arch

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27
Q

Fill in the blanks.” The first pharyngeal arch has derivatives of the _____ and ____ nerves .

A

Maxillary and mandibular

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28
Q

True or False? The trigeminal nerve is a derivative from the Sixth pharyngeal arch is supplied by the.

A

FALSE!! The Vagus nerve is a derivative of the SIXTH pharyngeal arch

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29
Q

Fill in the blank. The ______ pharyngeal arch has the Facial nerve as a derivative while the the______ nerve is a derivative of the third pharyngeal arch.

A

Second -Facial
Third- Glossopharyngeal nerve

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30
Q

What artery is associated with the third pharyngeal arch?

A

Common carotid artery
Proximal internal carotid artery

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31
Q

The Stapedial artery is associated with with pharyngeal arch?

A

Second pharyngeal arch
“ Second - Stapedial”

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32
Q

What arteries are associated with the sixth pharyngeal arch?

A

Pulmonary arteries ( proximal part) and Ductus arteriosus

“6PD - G6PD”

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33
Q

Fill in the blanks the ________ pharyngeal arch is associated with the arch or the aorta and _____.

A

Fourth - Arch of aorta and RIGHT Subclavian artery

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34
Q

True or False? The first pharyngeal arch is associated with part of the mandibular artery.

A

FALSE!!! Part of MAXILLARY artery

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35
Q

Fill in the bank, As a derivative of the first pharyngeal arch the mandible develops by intra membranous ossification around ________.”

A

Mechel’s cartillage

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36
Q

Which respiratory muscles are derived from the First Pharyngeal arch?

A

Muscles of mastication
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric
Tensor tympani
Tensor veli palatini

“MMATT came First “

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37
Q

Which bones are developed from the First pharyngeal arch?

A

Zygomatic
Greater wing of spenoid
Mandible
Maxilla
Squamus part of Temporal bone

“Ziggy Got MMS First”

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38
Q

True or False? The Lower part of of the body and lesser horn of hyoid bon is a second pharyngeal arch derivative.

A

FALSE!!!! The Upper part of the body and lesser horn of hyoid bone is a second arch derivative

” UPlesS- UPS”- the delivery thingi

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39
Q

Which muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Posterior belly of digastric
Muscles of facial expression.
Stapedius
Stylohyoid muscle

” this is the SECOND time getting PMSS”

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40
Q

True or False? The lower part of the body and the greater horn of hyoid bone is a third pharyngeal arch derivative.

A

TRUE!!

” if you don’t love me now ,don’t love me later… when my later(lower) is much greater”

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41
Q

True or False? The salpingopharyngeous muscle is a derivative from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

FALSE!!! STYLOPHARYNGEOUS is from the THIRD arch!!

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42
Q

Fill in the blank. The ______ of the nucleus ambiguous is a third arch derivative while the ________ of the nucleus ambiguous is a fourth arch derivative.

A

Body-Third ( body of Christ - 3 in 1)
Head- Fourth ( Lazarus head forth)

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43
Q

The Palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus,
Pharyngeal constrictors,Levator veli palatine,
Salpingopharyngeus, Cricothyroid – external laryngeal muscles are derivatives from which pharyngeal arch?

A

Fourth
“PPPLS Come For(4) me”

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44
Q

Which muscles are derived from the sixth arch?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the Larynx
-Cricoarytenoideus ( posterior and lateral )
Cricopharyngeus
Arythenoideus ( Transverse and oblique Arythenoideus ( Transverse and oblique )
Thyroarytenoideus
Thyroepiglotticus

I had 6 CCAATTs and 5 kittens one time

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45
Q

At what time does the tongue start to appear?

A

4th week

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46
Q

Which pharyngeal arches does the Copula ( Posterior part of the tongue) & Epiglottis derive from?

A

2nd, 3rd & 4th arches

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47
Q

What part of the tongue is derived from the First pharyngeal arch?

A

Body ( Anterior 2/3)
Lateral lingual swellings
Medial lingual swellings

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48
Q

From which pharyngeal arch does the Hypobranchial emminece derive from?

A

2nd, 3rd, & 4th arches ( IT IS AKA COPULA)

49
Q

From which pharyngeal arch does the Tuberculum impar derive from?

A

First pharyngeal arch - IT IS AKA Medial lingual swellings .

50
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Within the cupola, the 3rd pharyngeal arch component overgrows the 2nd arch, and forms the ______”

A

Mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

51
Q

True or False? The anterior 2/3 ( formed by lateral & medial lingual swelling) and posterior 1/3 (formed by copula ) of the tongue fuse – forming a V-shaped groove known as the Terminal Sulcus.

A

TRUE!!

52
Q

What is the name of the “pit” that represents the origin of the thyroid gland?

A

Foramen cecum - pit in centre of the groove ( Terminal Sulcus)

53
Q

What is the name of the structure that anchors the tongue in the mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum

54
Q

What structure does the VENTRAL part of the THIRD pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Thymus

55
Q

What structure does the DORSAL part of the THIRD pharyngeal pouch form?

A

Inferior parathyroid glands

56
Q

True or False? The first pharyngeal push gives rise to the tubotympanic recess.

A

TRUE!!

57
Q

What structures are included in the Tubotympanic recess?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube
Tympanic cavity and mastoid antrum
Inner layer of the ear drum

58
Q

What structure does the second pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Tonsillar fossa - including tonsillar crypts.

59
Q

In the FOURTH pharyngeal pouch what structure does the ventral part give rise to?

A

Ultimopharyngeal body
Parafollicular cell

60
Q

What is the function of Parafollicular cells?

A

migrate to the thyroid gland and produce calcitonin. They are of neural crest origin.

61
Q

In the FOURTH pharyngeal pouch what structure does the dorsal part give rise to?

A

Superior parathyroid glands

62
Q

Fill in the blanks. “The first pharyngeal cleft gives rise to _________ and _______.”

A

External auditory meatus and Outer layer of tympanic membrane

63
Q

The Lateral cervical cyst ,External & Internal branchial fistula all arise from which pharyngeal cleft?

A

2nd 3rd and 4th clefts

64
Q

The Lateral cervical cyst ,External & Internal branchial fistula are located along anterior edge of which muscle?

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

65
Q

At what time does the face begin to develop?

A

24- 38th day

66
Q

What are the three processes surrounding the stomadeum?

A

Frontonasal process
Maxillary process
Mandibular process

67
Q

From which structure will give the future tympanic membrane?

A

Nasal Pits

68
Q

Fill in the blanks.”Failure of the maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal prominence to fuse will result in ______”

A

Oblique facial cleft

69
Q

What structure is the nose bridge formed from?

A

The frontal prominence

70
Q

Fill in the blanks. The _______ and_______ is formed from the fused medial nasal prominence

A

Nasal Crest and Nose Tip

71
Q

What structure is the Ala of the nose formed from?

A

Lateral nasal prominence.
“aLa - Lateral”

72
Q

What structure of the upper lip will the globular process form?

A

Phyltrum and central area of the upper lip

73
Q

What happens in the 7th week in regards to the development of the nasal cavity?

A

Oronasal membrane breakdown forming the
primitive choanae on either side of the midline

74
Q

What happens in the 6th week in regards to the development of the nasal cavity?

A

*Nasal pit deepen and expand due to growth of the nasal prominence

*With further expansion, the nasal sacs approximate the oral cavity forming the oronasal membrane

75
Q

Fill in the blanks. “Failure of palatal processes to fuse results in _____”

A

Cleft palate

76
Q

True or False? Failure of medial nasal and maxillary prominences to merge results in medial cleft lip

A

FALSE!! It results in Lateral cleft lip

77
Q

Fill in the blanks. “Failure of medial nasal prominences to merge results in ______”

A

Median cleft lip

78
Q

An increase in what substance , from surrounding mesenchyme ,causes an up-regulation of a transcription factor TBX4?

A

Retinoic Acid

79
Q

What is the function of TBX4?

A

TBX4 induces formation, growth and differentiation of the entire respiratory diverticulum.

80
Q

At what time period does the Laryngo-tracheal groove appear then develops into a diverticulum?

A

4th week

81
Q

Fill in the blank’ The respiratory primordium maintains its communication with the pharynx through the ______”

A

Laryngeal Orifice ( It’s the cavity)

82
Q

From which pharyngeal arch will the laryngeal muscles develop from?

A

4th and 6th

83
Q

What structure is developed from endothelial cells invading the laryngeal orifcie?

A

Vocal cords

84
Q

At what time period, does the bronchial buds enlarge to form right and left main bronchi?

A

5th week

85
Q

At the end of the 5th week, how many territory bronchi will be on the right side and on the left side>

A

Right side- 10 Tertiary bronchi
Left side- 8 Tertiary bronchi

86
Q

Around what time period is the Pseudo-glandular stage?

A

Week 5-16

87
Q

Which stage of Lung maturation is from week 16-26?

A

Canalicular stage

88
Q

Around what time period is the Terminal sac (secular) stage?

A

Week 26 – Birth

89
Q

Up to what age does the alveolar stage begin and end?

A

Week 36 - up to 8 years old

90
Q

When do Type II pneumocytes develop?

A

After 6 months

91
Q

What is the function of Type II pneumocytes?

A

They produce surfactant which DECREASES surface tension and prevent alveoli from collapsing

92
Q

What is the function of Type I pneumocytes?

A

They allow for gas exchage

93
Q

When does foetal breathing begin?

A

At week 16

94
Q

From what structures do the diaphragm develop?

A

Septum transversum
Pleuro-peritoneal membrane
Dorsal mesentery of esophagus
Marginal ingrowth from body wal

95
Q

What structure of the diaphragm will form the base of the pericardial sac?

A

The cephalic surface of the central tendon

96
Q

What two structures fuse to form the diaphragm and what time does this occur?

A

Dorsal mesentry of the oesophagus and septum transversum ( In 7th week)

97
Q

What type of cells are Type I pneumocytes?

A

Simple squamous cells

98
Q

What type of cells are Type II pneumocytes?

A

Simple cuboidal cells

99
Q

What germ layers is the respiratory system developed from?

A

Endoderm and Lateral Plate Splanchnic Mesoderm

100
Q

What structures are developed from the endoderm?

A

Epithelial lining of larynx, trachea, and bronchi, as well as that of the lungs

101
Q

What structures are developed from the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Cartilaginous, muscular, and connective tissue components of the trachea and lungs.

102
Q

What are the the associated effects of a tracheoesphageal fistula?

A

Vetebral anomalies
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheaoesophageal fistula
Renal anomalies
Limb defects

103
Q

From which germ layer is Visceral Pleura developed from?

A

Mesoderm

104
Q

True or False? Mature Alveoli are not present before birth.

A

TRUE!!

105
Q

Explain the concept of contractions felt right before birth.

A

Once there is an increase in surfactant , after 34 weeks gestation- the surfactant enters the amniotic fluid and act on the macrophages in the amniotic cavity. These macrophages then migrate to the chorion in uterus to stimulate the release of IL-1B. The up-regulation IL-1B then causes the release of prostaglandins that causes CONTRACTIONS.

106
Q

From what structure does type II pneumocystis secrete surfactant?

A

From lamellar bodies

107
Q

What is olfactory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified tall columnar epithelium without goblet cells and without motile ciliae (lack of dynein).

108
Q

What are the type of cells present in Olfactory epithelium?

A

supportive
basal
olfactory (sensory)

109
Q

Where are Bowman’s glands located?

A

Lamina propria of mucosa

110
Q

What type of epithelium lines the base of the epiglottis?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

111
Q

What type of epithelium lines the lingual of the epiglottis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

112
Q

What type of cells are brush cells?

A

Columnar cells

113
Q

True or False? In large bronchioles the epithelium is pseudo stratified epithelium with NO goblet cells.

A

TRUE!!

114
Q

What type of epithelium is found in terminal bronchioles?

A

Cuboid Epithelium

115
Q

What type of cells are found in the terminal bronchioles?

A

Clara/club cells

116
Q

What are dust cells?

A

Alveolar macrophages

117
Q

Where dust cells found?

A

Alveoli and in interalveolar septum

118
Q

What is the main connexin found in ventricular myocardium?

A

Cx43

respiratory system (9 decks)

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