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Biology > 1.1 cell biology > Flashcards

1.1 cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory states that

A
  1. all living organisms are made of one or more cells
  2. the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
  3. all cells come from other cells
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2
Q

what are 3 exceptions to cell theory?

A

Striated muscle fibres, Aseptate fungal hyphae, and giant algae

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3
Q

why are striated muscle fibers an exception to cell theory?

A
  • Muscle cells fuse to form very long fibres (>300mm)
  • multi-nucleated
  • Challenges the idea that cells always function as autonomous units
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4
Q

why is Aseptate fungal hyphae an exception to cell theory?

A
  • continuous cytoplasm
  • challenges the idea that cells are individual units
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5
Q

why is giant algae an exception to cell theory?

A
  • giant, grow up to 100mm in length w only 1 nucleus
  • challenges the idea that larger organisms are always made of many microscopic cells
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6
Q

acronym for functions of life

A

mr h gren

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7
Q

functions of life

A

metabolism
response
homeostasis
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition

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8
Q

metabolism

A

all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the cell or organism. this includes respiration

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9
Q

response

A

the ability to respond to and interact with the environment

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10
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance and regulation of internal cell conditions

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11
Q

growth

A

changing size/shape

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12
Q

reproduction

A

producing offspring by sexual or asexual reproduction

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13
Q

excretion

A

the removal of metabolic waste

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14
Q

nutrition

A

obtaining organic molecules via absorption (eg feeding) or synthesis (eg photosynthesis)

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15
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter (consumers, not producers)

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16
Q

functions of life in paramecium

A

M - metabolic reactions mostly in cytoplasm, respiration in mitochondria
R - cilia feel particles in the surrounding environment
H - contractile vacuole regulate water content by expelling water from the cell membrane
G - gain biomass
R - cell division (mitosis)
E - the cell membrane regulates excretion. vesicles release materials (exocytosis)
N - the cell membrane surrounds food and takes it into the cell (endocytosis)

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17
Q

paramecium

A

genus of unicellular heterotroph protozoans

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18
Q

chlorella

A

photosynthetic unicellular organism

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19
Q

functions of life in chlorella

A

M - metabolic reactions in cytoplasm, photosynthesis in chloroplast, respiration in mitochondria
R - adapts to light and concentrations of solutes in environment
H - large central vacuole to store and regulate water content
G - gain biomass
R- mitosis
E - cell membrane regulates transport out of the cell (ex: exocytosis)
N - photosynthesis produces organic carbon compounds (biomass)

20
Q

why is sa:vol ratio important in the limitation of cell size?

A
  • more surface area means more surfaces for transport across the membrane
  • less volume means particles can move thru-out the cell in a shorter time
  • small cells tend to have a large sa:vol ratio
  • transport (ex: diffusion) is more efficient when a cell has a high sa:vol ratio
21
Q

structure of multicellular organisms

A

atoms → molecules → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → multicellular organism

22
Q

why are multicellular organisms’ cells differentiated?

A

to carry out diff functions

23
Q

examples of differentiated cells

A

red blood cells, nerve cells, female reproductive/egg cell, male reproductive/sperm cell

24
Q

function & special features of red blood cells

A

function: to carry oxygen
features:
* large sa for oxygen to pass thru
* contains haemoglobin, which joins w oxygen
* no nucleus

25
Q

function & special features of nerve cells

A

function: to carry nerve impulses to diff parts of the body
features:
* long
* connections at each end
* can carry electrical signals

26
Q

function & special features of egg cells

A

function: to join w male cell, and then to provide food for the new cell that’s been formed
features:
* large
* contains lots of cytoplasm

27
Q

function & special features of sperm cells

A

function: to reach female cell, and join it
features:
* long tail for swimming
* head for getting into female cell

28
Q

how to cells become different?

A
  • not all genes are activated in all cells
  • only some genes are expressed. ex: the set of genes expressed in a skin cell will differ from the genes expressed in a red blood cell
29
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that continuously divide and specialize into diff cells

30
Q

3 types of stem cells

A

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

31
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

can form any cell type, as well as extra-embryonic (placental) tissue (e.g. zygote)

32
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can form any cell type (e.g. embryonic stem cells)

33
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types (e.g. haematopoeitic adult stem cells)

34
Q

unipotent stem cells

A

can not differentiate, but are capable of self renewal (e.g. progenitor cells, muscle stem cells)

35
Q

potential uses of stem cells

A
  • replacing/repairing damaged tissues, particularly nervous tissue, heart tissue and blood cells in leukemia patients
  • treatment of diseases such as Parkinson’s and diabetes
  • testing effects of toxins or drugs on various tissues
  • testing gene therapy techniques
  • growing new organs
36
Q

why is the use of embryonic stem cells controversial?

A

it results in the destruction of the embryo which may be considered a living organism

37
Q

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)

A

the turning of adult cells into stem cells via nuclear transfer

38
Q

Stargardt’s macular dystrophy

A
  • an inherited disease that results in the eventual loss of vision in young people
  • a mutation in the gene causes a transport protein to malfunction in retinal photoreceptors (light sensitive cells)
39
Q

use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s macular dystrophy

A
  • recent clinical trials have used embryonic stem cells to create retinal cells that are injected in the retina. these cells attach to the retina, become functional, and improve vision
  • still undergoing clinical trials
40
Q

leukemia

A

originates in the bone marrow. production of a high number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells). risk factors include ionizing radiation, chemicals (benzene), chemotherapy

41
Q

what stem cells are used in the treatment of leukemia?

A

multipotent (adult) hematopoietic stem cells from a bone marrow donor, who needs to have the same antigens on their leukocytes as the host

42
Q

how do the stem cells function in the treatment of leukemia?

A
  1. recipient’s immune system is destroyed (radiation or chemotherapy)
  2. stem cells are transplanted into the bone marrow and proliferate
  3. after a few weeks blood cell counts normalize and the immune system regenerates
43
Q

benefit + risks of using stem cells to treat leukemia

A

benefit: a chance to cure or provide long-term remission, with increasing survival rates
risk to donor: drug interactions, pain from procedure
risk to recipient: can lead to death from infection (before or after transplant), or rejection of host cells

44
Q

typical size of bacteria

A

1 micrometer

45
Q

typical size of plant/animal cell

A

100 micrometers

46
Q

typical size of virul

A

100nm

Biology (37 decks)

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