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Biology > 1.6 cell division > Flashcards

1.6 cell division Flashcards

1
Q

where does each chromosome + its partner come from?

A

one from each parent

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2
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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3
Q

which cells are diploid and which are haploid?

A

body (somatic) cells = diploid
sex cells (gametes (sperm, egg)) = haploid

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4
Q

cell cycle

A

a series of events that a cell goes through. includes growth, DNA replication, cell division, and the creation of two genetically identical daughter cells

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5
Q

2 phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase and mitotic phase

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6
Q

interphase

A

parts of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing. the majority of the time the cell is in this phase

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7
Q

events that happen during interphase

A

metabolic reactions, protein synthesis, organelles increase in number (ex: centrioles replicate), DNA replication

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8
Q

how long are human chromosomes?

A

17mm to 80mm, must be supercoiled to fit in nucleus

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9
Q

which protein helps DNA coil itself in eukaryotes?

A

histones

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10
Q

what happens in prophase? (4 parts)

A
  1. DNA supercoils and becomes condense
  2. nuclear membrane breaks down and disappears
  3. 2 centrioles move to the poles of the cell
  4. microtubule spindle fibers connect to the centrioles
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11
Q

what happens in metaphase? (2 parts)

A
  1. microtubules extend from the centrioles and attach to the centromere of the sister chromatids
  2. chromosomes are lined up along the center of the cell
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12
Q

what happens in anaphase? (2 parts)

A
  1. sister chromatids are separated and travel towards poles (microtubules contract)
  2. centromere divides
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13
Q

what happens in telophase? (2 parts)

A
  1. chromosomes arrive at the poles + decondense / uncoil
  2. nuclear membrane reforms
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14
Q

mitosis

A

division of the nucleus

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15
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm and cell, occurs at the same time as telophase

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16
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells (3 parts)

A
  1. a ring of contractile proteins (actin microfilaments) pull the cell membrane together at the center
  2. this pinching creates a cleavage furrow
  3. cell pinches into 2 new daughter cells
17
Q

cytokinesis in plan cells (6 parts)

A
  1. vesicles (from golgi) line up along center of cell
  2. fuse together to form tubular structures
  3. merge + form the cell plate
  4. cell plate becomes 2 new plasma membranes, 2 daughter cells are now present
  5. cellulose is secreted to form a cell wall b/w daughter cells
  6. pectin is also secreted b/w cells
18
Q

cyclin

A

a family of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle. diff cyclins control diff phases

19
Q

what do cyclins bind to?

A

cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk)

20
Q

what do cyclin-dependent kinases do?

A

activate other proteins/enzymes via phosphorylation

21
Q

what happens when cell division goes wrong?

A

tumors: masses that result from the abnormal new growth of cells/tissues

22
Q

what types of tumors are there (2)?

A

benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous)

23
Q

metastasis

A

the spreading of malignant tumors in one part of the body (primary tumor) to other parts, resulting in new tumor growth (secondary tumor)

24
Q

mutation

A

a change in an organisms’s genetic code

24
Q

mutagen

A

agents that can lead to mutation

25
Q

4 examples of mutagens

A

chemicals (carcinogens), high-energy radiation (X-rays), short wave radiation (UV light), some viruses

26
Q

oncogene

A

control the cell cycle and cell growth, can be cancerous if a mutation occurs in an oncogene

27
Q

kinetochore

A

large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules

28
Q

A cell that is dividing too rapidly may have lost its ability to enter which part of the cell cycle?

A

G1 phase

29
Q

how to calculate mitotic index

A

the number of cells in mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) must be divided by the total number of cells visible

30
Q

Which cyclin increases to trigger the beginning of mitosis?

A

Cyclin-B

31
Q

Name the phase of the cell cycle when DNA duplicates?

A

S phase

32
Q

Which cyclin increases to trigger the beginning of mitosis?

A

Cyclin B

Biology (37 decks)

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