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biology 🌱 > 5.1.5 Plant and animal responses > Flashcards

5.1.5 Plant and animal responses Flashcards

1
Q

Which neurotransmitter is present in the somatic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine - stimulatory effect

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2
Q

Which neurotransmitter is present in the sympathetic system?

A

Noradrenaline

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3
Q

Which neurotransmitter is present in the parasympathetic system?

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Controls voluntary actions such as learning, memory, personality and conscious thought

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5
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls unconscious functions such as balance and non voluntary movement

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6
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Used in autonomic control e.g. controls heart rate and breathing rate

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7
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulatory centre for temperature and water balance

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8
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Stores and releases hormone

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9
Q

What is the function of the anterior (front) pituitary?

A

Produces FSH

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10
Q

What is the function of the posterior (back) pituitary?

A

Stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus e.g. ADH

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11
Q

What is the pathway of a reflex arc?

A

Receptor -> sensory neurone -> relay neurone -> motor neurone

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12
Q

What is the stimulus in the knee jerk reflex?

A

Tapping the patella and causing the patellar tendon to stretch

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13
Q

In the knee jerk reflex the ______ muscle contracts and the ______ relaxes causing the leg to kick

A

Extensor
Flexor

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14
Q

What is the stimulus in the blinking reflex?

A
  • Cornea being touched (corneal reflex)
  • Loud sound
  • Bright light (optical reflex)
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15
Q

What type of reflex is the knee jerk reflex?

A

Spinal (occurs in the spinal cord)

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16
Q

What type of reflex is the blinking reflex?

A

Cranial (occurs in the brain)

17
Q

What is the effector in the blinking reflex?

A

Eyelid

18
Q

What is the importance of reflexes?

A
  • Minimises harm to body by being a very fast response
  • Doesn’t have to be learnt so provides immediate protection form birth
  • Doesn’t require conscious thought so brain is not overstimulated
19
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Involuntary muscle (smooth muscle)
20
Q

What is the structure and arrangement of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Striated fibres (lines on fibres)
  • Tubular fibres which are multinucleated (more than one nucleus) and regularly arranged
21
Q

What is the contraction length and speed in skeletal muscle?

A

Short and rapid in one direction

22
Q

What is the structure and arrangement of cardiac muscle?

A
  • Specialised striated fibres (less lines on fibres than skeletal)
  • Branched fibres which are uninucleated (only one nucleus)
23
Q

What is the structure and arrangement of involuntary muscle?

A
  • Non-striated fibres
  • Spindle shaped fibres which are uninucleated (only one nucleus) with no regular arrangement
24
Q

What is the contraction length and speed in involuntary muscle?

A

Long and slow in different directions

25
Q

What is the plasma membrane which encloses muscle fibres?

A

Sarcolemma

26
Q

What is the shared cytoplasm between muscle fibres called?

A

Sarcoplasm

27
Q

What are T tubules and what is their function?

A

Parts of the sarcolemma that fold in to help spread electrical impulse through sarcoplasm so entire fibre can contract

28
Q

Why do muscle fibres have a lot of mitochondria?

A

Provide ATP needed for muscle contraction

29
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum contain?

A

Calcium ions required for muscle contraction

30
Q

What types of protein filaments are myofibrils made of?

A

Actin - thinner
Myosin - thicker

31
Q

What are I bands?

A

The lighter coloured bands where only actin is present and there is no overlap between the myosin filaments and actin

32
Q

What are A bands?

A

The darker coloured bands where there is myosin present and an overlap between myosin filaments and actin

33
Q

What is a Z line?

A

Line found at the centre of the light band

34
Q

What is the distance between adjacent Z lines called?

A

Sarcomere

35
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Lighter coloured region in centre of dark band where only myosin filaments are present

biology 🌱 (26 decks)

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