Post Embryonic Development: Metamorphosis, Regeneration, Aging

Question 1

what are the 3 stages that occur after the developmental stages?

Answer 1

1. metamorphosis
2. regeneration
3. aging

Question 2

define metamorphosis

Answer 2

unrecognizable, subtle changes within an organism

Question 3

metamorphosis is generally under

Answer 3

hormonal control

Question 4

during metamorphosis it is primarily

Answer 4

thyroid hormones working to activate or inactivate transcription

Question 5

during metamorphosis, tissues under the influence of hormones will lead to

Answer 5

• degeneration of some
• differentiation of others

Question 6

define regeneration

Answer 6

post-embryonic restoration of missing tissues

Question 7

regeneration requires the presence of

Answer 7

intact and functioning nervous systems

Question 8

what are the 4 approaches to regeneration

Answer 8

1. stem cells
2. de-differentiation
3. morphallaxis
4. compensatory regeneration

Question 9

explain de-differentiation

Answer 9

taking adult structures back to the stage of undifferentiated cell to become respecified

Question 10

morphallaxis is the

Answer 10

regeneration of specific tissues due to loss/death of existing tissues

Question 11

explain compensatory regeneration

Answer 11

the proliferation of differentiated cells which maintain their specific function

Question 12

blastema is a

Answer 12

de-differentiated cell mass

Question 13

a cell mass is composed of….

these are essentially components of the

Answer 13

• bone cells
• cartilage cells
• myocytes
• nerve cells
• fibroblasts

mesenchymal stem cells

Question 14

regeneration of blastema cells depends on the

Answer 14

presence of nerves

Question 15

with regeneration of blastema cells, there’s also a quantitative requirement such as

Answer 15

the minimum # of nerves needed

Question 16

what is believed to increase the proliferation of the blastema cells?

Answer 16

released factors from neuron

Question 17

what is believed to increase the proliferation of the blastema cells?

Answer 17

released factors from neurons

Question 18

what is also critical to stimulate mitosis within the blastemas?

Answer 18

fibroblast growth factors (Fgf2 & Fgf10)

Question 19

Fgf2 & Fgf10 are released from the

Answer 19

axonal ends

Question 20

Fgf2 serves as an…
why?

Answer 20

-angiogenesis factor

• b/c regenerating tissues need to reestablish a blood supply

Question 21

what has shown to induce regeneration? how do they do this?

Answer 21

• denervated blastemas
• infusing Fgf2 directly into them

Question 22

without nerve innervation and fibroblasts growth factors what would be seen?

Answer 22

skin cells replaced and the formation of scar tissue

Question 23

what two quotes describe aging?

Answer 23

• deterioration prevailing over synthesis
• death is a part of life

Question 24

the Albert Einstein College of Medicine sought out the

Answer 24

longevity genes project

Question 25

the longevity genes project realized that the

Answer 25

• expression of certain gene groups lead to a longer life span
• shorter stature ppl may have a mutation linked to longer life span

Question 26

what story explains the relationship between mutated genes leading to a longer life span in shorter ppl?

Answer 26

Sadie Kaplan

Question 27

what are the 7 anti-aging tools?

Answer 27

1. stem cell replacement therapy
2. injections of HGH & testosterone
3. tissue engineering
4. caloric restriction
5. reduced cholesterol
6. suppression of IGF pathways
7. antioxidants

HGH: human growth hormone IGF: insulin like grwoth factor

Question 28

in some insect and animal models blocking the IGF pathway has placed the animals in a

Answer 28

suspended animation w/ slow aging & deterioration

Question 29

why are antioxidants a potential anti-aging tool?

Answer 29

they reduce free radicles which cause damage/cell death