The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

How much blood is in the human body?

Answer 1

About 5L

Question 2

Percentages of each component in the blood?

Answer 2

• 55% Plasma
• 45% Red Blood Cells
• Less than 1% White Blood Cells
• Less than 1% Platelets

Question 3

What is plasma?

Answer 3

• Liquid component of blood
• Mostly water
• Transports
  * RBC,
  * WBC,
  * Platelets,
  * Nutrients,
  * Antibodies,
  * Hormones,
  * Waste (Urea, co2)

Question 4

What are platelets?

Answer 4

• Pieces of blood cells
• No defined shape
• No nucleus
• Life span of approx. 10 days
• Form scabs

Question 5

How do platelets work?

Answer 5

Accumulate in damaged blood vessel
Produce fibrous filaments (to seal the wound).

Question 6

What are red blood cells?

Answer 6

• Most common solid component of blood
• Biconcabe shape; flexible
  * turn sharp corners
  * squeeze into small blood vessels (capillaries)
• If deformed (sickle cell anemia)
  - accumalate
  - block blood flow (clot)
• Live approx. 120 days
• constantly produced in bone marrow
• contain hemoglobin
  - Proteins
  - Transports o2
  - Gives blood its colour
• Reaches alveoli:
  - Gas exchanged co2 – o2
  - o2 = Bright red
  - co2 = Dark red (brownish)
  Represented as blue, ITS NOT

Question 7

What are White Blood Cells?

Answer 7

• Only blood cells with a nucleus
• Rounded shape
• Bigger than red blood cells
• Few in quantity that red blood cells
  - Increases with infection
• Protect
• Neutralize pathogens
  - Bacteria and viruses
• Destroy dead / damaged cells

Question 8

Uses of vaccines:

Answer 8

• Stimulate the immune system
• Make specific antibodies
• Prevent disease

Question 9

Whats is a vaccine?

Answer 9

Weak or dead pathogens.

Question 10

What are the 2 ways to produce anti-bodies?

Answer 10

1. Vaccine
2. Disease

Question 11

3 kinds of vaccines

Answer 11

• Attenuated vaccine
• Inactivated vaccine
• Genetic engineering

Question 12

What is an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 12

• Weakened
• Doesn’t cause the disease
• Recogmized by the body
• Fights MMR
  *Mumps, measles, rubella

Question 13

What is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 13

• Dead pathogen
• Stimulate immune system
• Fights:
  *Whooping cough, typhoid, etc.

Question 14

What is a genetically engineered vaccine?

Answer 14

• modifies a pathogens genes
• Fights:
  *Covid-19 vaccine, Hepatitis A&B

Question 15

Blood Types:

Answer 15

• Everyone has a blood type
• ABO system, most common blood-type classification system
  *A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-
• Inherited through genetics

Question 16

Important words:

Answer 16

Antigens – Get attacked
Antibodies – Attack
Agglutination – Clotting, precipotation?

Review notes!

Question 17

What is Lymph

Answer 17

• Liquid
• Mostly water
• Circulates lymphatic vessels

Question 18

What do lymph nodes do?

Answer 18

• Filled with WBC
• Filter water
• Collect bacteria and viruses

Question 19

The Lymphatic system carries lymoh through

A NETWORK OF

Answer 19

• Vessels
• Organs
• Lymph nodes

Question 20

The Lymphatic System transports

Answer 20

• Lymph
• Antibodies
• WBC

Question 21

How does it work

The lymphatic system?

Answer 21

• Similar to blood vessels, but they carry lymph
• Circulates through the contraction of muscles on the lymphatic vessels

Question 22

Infection

How does the lymphatic system react

Answer 22

• Lymph nodes harden/swell

Question 23

Another name for lymph nodes

Answer 23

ganglions

Question 24

Where are lymph nodes?

Answer 24

• Neck
• Armits
• Groin

Question 25

The Lymphatic system also includes…

Answer 25

• Thuymus (above heart)
• Bone Marrow (center of big bones)
• Spleen (left of stomach, below diaphragm)
• Tonsils (Side of pharynx)

Question 26

Heart Facts

Answer 26

• Made of muscle tissue
• Pump
• Based on electircal impulses
• Valve – one way

Question 27

What is the circulatory system made of

Answer 27

• blood vessels: Capillaries, viens, arteries.
• blood

Question 28

Heart is

Answer 28

• muscle
• pump
• 60+ contractions / min
• size of fist
• between lungs
• protected by rib cage

Question 29

What are arteries?

Answer 29

• Thick muscular walls (pressure enduring)
• Largest artery = aorta
• Smoothe interior
• Take blood out of the heart
• Divides into smaller arteries – aterioles — capillaries

Question 30

What are capillaries?

Answer 30

• Small blood vessels
• Walls - one row of cells
• Diffusion, absorbs nutrients & o2
• carry WBC

Question 31

What are viens?

Answer 31

• Less elastic tha. arteries
• Lowers blood pressures
• returns blood to the heart
• valves - one way
• viens need help from muscle contractions

Question 32

Explain the process of a vaccine:

Answer 32

1. Identify invading pathogen, read antigen
2. Duplicate white blood cell
3. Produce antibodies against the invading pathogen
4. Produce white blood cells to engulf pathogen
5. Memorize/remember pathogen, and antibodies necessary