Reproductive System, Urinary System, Dilution

Question 1

What is concentration?

Answer 1

The concentration of a solution is the ratio of the amount of solute to the total quantity of solution. A solution’s concentration is not always the same.

Question 2

Concentrated vs Diluted Solution

Answer 2

A concentrated solution contains a large amount of dissolved solute in relation to the volume of the solution. A diluted solution contains a small amount of dissolved solute in relation to the volume of the solution.

Question 3

Formula for Concentration

Answer 3

c = m / v

Question 4

How do you express concentration as a percentage?

Answer 4

The concentration of a solution is often expressed as a percentage. This percentage gives shows the amount of solute per 100 mL of solution. To express concentration as a percentage, use the general concentration formula, multiplying by 100. In this formula, be careful to use grams for mass and mL for volume as your units.

Question 5

How do you dilute a solution?

Answer 5

As a solution becomes more diluted, the solvent/solute ratio increases. Therefore, in order to dilute a solution, one must add solvent to the original solution to reduce its concentration.

Question 6

Wastes produced by the body.

Answer 6

Our bodies produce several kinds of wastes, including sweat, carbon dioxide gas, feces, and urine.

Question 7

How is waste excreted by the body?

Answer 7

Wastes exit the body in different ways: Sweat is released through pores (tiny holes) in the skin. Water vapour and carbon dioxide are exhaled (breathed out) from the lungs. And undigested food materials are formed into feces in the intestines and excreted from the body as solid waste in bowel movements

Question 8

What is the function of the urinary system?

Answer 8

The main function of our urinary system is to filter blood to remove waste and excess substances such as water and minerals. The urinary system also eliminates this waste, a process called urination.

Question 9

Kidneys! How do they work?

Answer 9

The kidneys filter blood through millions of nephrons, which are small filtration units. The kidneys receive blood from the renal artery, which is connected through capillaries surrounding the nephrons. As blood circulates in the capillaries, the nephrons filter it by removing excess substances through the process of diffusion.

Question 10

All about urine:

Answer 10

The composition of urine varies from one person to the next and fro one time of the day to another. Urine is made mostly of water but also contains waste products such as: urea, uric acid, potassium, sodium and urochrome. Urochrome gives urine its yellow colour and it comes from the destruction of hemoglobin present in old red blood cells. Urine can also contain glucose and proteins but this could indicate a health problem such as diabetes.

Question 11

All about ureters:

Answer 11

They are tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder and they carry urine to the bladder.

Question 12

All about the bladder:

Answer 12

The bladder is a stretchy bag made of muscles and it stores urine before it is expelled. A sphincter (circular muscle) located at the bottom of the bladder contracts to stop the flow of urine and relaxes to expel it.

Question 13

What is the urethra?

Answer 13

The urethra is a tube which urine from the bladder to outside the body.

Question 14

What is homeostasis?

Answer 14

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain balance (mineral salts in blood, blood pH, water, temperature, etc.).

Question 15

What is an erection? Explain the process:
NOT ACTUALLY IMPORTANT. S k i p .

Answer 15

During sexual stimulation, the arteries dilate and the penis becomes erect as the spongy tissues fill with blood. In addition, the arteries filled with blood compress the veins and prevent blood from leaving the penis. Since blood is flowing into the penis faster than it is leaving, the penis lengthens, swells and hardens. This swelling allows the penis to get closer to the cervix to release the sperm necessary for fertilization.

Question 16

Hormones and glands related to puberty in young men:

Answer 16

Two glands are necessary for growth and puberty in men. The pituitary
gland is a small gland located just below the brain. Among others, it produces
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone.
The testicles contain cells that produce sperm cells but are also considered
glands since they produce the hormone testosterone.
The pituitary gland plays an important role in puberty in boys mainly
because it produces a growth hormone. This hormone stimulates the
development of almost all the tissues in the body, especially the muscles and
bones. When a boy reaches about 12, the pituitary gland makes more growth
hormone. It also begins to make more FSH and LH. FSH stimulates the
production of sperm cells and LH acts on the testicles, which begin to produce
testosterone.

Question 16

Hormones and glands related to puberty related to puberty in young women:

Answer 16

In childhood, a girl’s development is dependent on the growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland. At around the age of 8, the pituitary gland begins to produce more FSH and LH. These hormones target the ovaries and boost their production of estrogen until it is high enough to trigger puberty.

Question 17

What is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 17

The complete menstrual cycle lasts an average of 28 days, the first day of menstrual flow being day 1. The cycle comprises three phases:
* Preovulatory Phase
* Preovulatory Phase
* Postovulatory Phase

Question 18

Explain the Preovulatory Phase:

Answer 18

• From days 2 to 6, menstrual flow takes place (menstruations).
• The pituitary gland secretes the hormone FSH, which stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries.
• The follicle develops and begins to make estrogen, which in turn thickens the lining of the uterus (endometrium) with blood and tissue.
• When estrogen levels are high, the pituitary gland stops making FSH and begins
  making LH.

Question 19

Explain the Ovulatory Phase:

Answer 19

• The increased amount of LH allows the follicle to break and release the secondary oocyte (ovulation).

Question 20

Explain the Post Ovulatory Phase:

Answer 20

• After the follicle has burst, estrogen levels drops slightly.
• The drop in LH cause the follicle to transform in a corpus luteum.
• The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to continue to thicken the lining of the uterus. This prepares the uterus to receive the fertilized egg.
• High levels of progesterone and estrogen reduce the production of FSH and LH.
• When fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone to maintain the blood of the uterus.
• When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, the uterus lining is shed during menstruations and a new cycle begins.

Question 21

Secondary Sex Characteristics is Young Men:

Answer 21

• Deeper voice
• Hair growth
• Growth (General: muscles, bones, penis, etc.)
• Body Odour, Acne etc.
• Sperm Production
• Increased Libido (Sex-Drive)

Question 22

Secondary Sex Characteristics in Young Women:

Answer 22

• Growth (muscles, bones, genital organs, etc.)
• Body odour and acne
• Body hair
• Menstuartion (period)
• Mood swings
• Breasts

Question 23

Explain how homeostasis works:

Answer 23

For example, when we drink a lot of liquids, there is too much water in the blood, making the volume of blood increase. The pituitary gland sends a message (less anti diuretic hormone) to the kidneys which will remove (or in other cases refrain from removing) water from the blood, resulting in a more diluted urine (less solute per volume of urine). Therefore, the concentration of mineral salts in the blood will return to normal level. If we eat too much salty food, the large intestine will absorb a lot of minerals, and the concentration of minerals in the blood will be too high. The pituitary gland sends a signal (more ADH) to the kidneys to hold on to water. Therefore, the kidneys remove less water and more mineral slats from the blood, resulting in a more concentrated urine (more solute per volume of urine).