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medical terminology > unit 12 (urinary) - medical vocabulary > Flashcards

unit 12 (urinary) - medical vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

antibiotic

A

a drug that fights or prevents bacterial infections

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2
Q

anuria

A

the absence of urine production

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3
Q

biopsy

A

the removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination

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4
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

a membrane that surrounds the glomerulus of each nephron inside the kidney

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5
Q

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)/creatinine ratio

A

a test that measures the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood

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6
Q

case management nurse (CMN)

A

a registered nurse (RN) who can work in a variety of settings and makes sure that a patient receives the most efficient and effective care for his or her particular condition

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7
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

a process in which radiographic images of a specific section of the body are taken from multiple angles and then analyzed by a computer to identify injury or disease; also known as computerized tomography

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8
Q

creatinine clearance

A

a urine test that estimates glomerular filtration rate (GFR), providing a measurement of how well the glomeruli (filtering units) of the kidney are functioning

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9
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

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10
Q

cystocele

A

herniation of the bladder through the vaginal wall in females

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11
Q

cystolithiasis

A

calculi of the urinary bladder; bladder stones

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12
Q

cystoscopy

A

a visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope

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13
Q

diabetes

A

a condition characterized by excessive amounts of urine

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14
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

a condition characterized by polydipsia and polyuria; caused by inadequate secretion of, or resistance of the kidney to, the action of ADH

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15
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

a condition characterized by improper secretion or utilization of insulin; characterized by glycosuria, hyperglycemia, polydipsia, and polyuria

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16
Q

dialysis

A

an artificial method by which waste materials are removed from the blood after kidney failure

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17
Q

dialysis technician

A

a healthcare worker who operates machines that remove metabolic waste products and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose kidneys are not functioning properly

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18
Q

dieresis

A

an abnormal increase in production of urine

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19
Q

dipstick urinalysis

A

a type of urinalysis that is used to screen for chemical changes

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20
Q

diuretic

A

a drug that increases urine output

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21
Q

dysuria

A

difficult or painful urination

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22
Q

enuresis

A

the involuntary discharge of urine

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23
Q

excisional biopsy

A

surgical removal of an entire lesion or tumor

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24
Q

filtrate

A

a substance made up of water, sugar, salts, urea, smaller amino acids, and other wastes

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25
Q

filtration

A

the process during which the kidneys separate metabolic waste products from the blood

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26
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney

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27
Q

glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries in the shape of a tiny knot or ball

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28
Q

glycosuria

A

a condition in which carbs or sugar are excreted in the urine

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29
Q

hematuria

A

a condition in which blood or blood cells are excreted in the urine

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30
Q

hemodialysis

A

a type of dialysis in which a machine receives waste-filled blood from the patient’s bloodstream, filters the blood, and then returns the cleansed blood to the patient’s body; sometimes called an artificial kidney

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31
Q

hilum

A

a depression in the kidney that serves as a passageway for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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32
Q

incisional biopsy

A

incision into body tissue for removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination

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33
Q

interstitial cystitis

A

chronic inflammation of the bladder wall

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34
Q

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

X-ray examination of the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder using a contrast agent

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35
Q

kidney transplant

A

a surgical procedure in which a kidney is removed from a live or deceased donor and implanted into a patient with renal failure

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36
Q

kidneys

A

two bean-shaped organs that perform the crucial tasks of filtering metabolic waste products, ions, and excess water from the blood and forming urine

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37
Q

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) X-ray

A

an X-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

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38
Q

laboratory (lab) tests

A

examination of body fluids or tissues taken from the patient to aid in diagnosing health problems

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39
Q

lithotomy

A

the surgical removal of one or more stones from the kidney, gallbladder, or urinary bladder through a small incision made in the organ

40
Q

lithotripsy

A

a procedure in which high-energy shock waves are used to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureter into smaller pieces, allowing the stones to pass naturally from the body

41
Q

manual or microscopic urinalysis

A

a type of urinalysis that is used to test urine sediment

42
Q

medullary pyramids

A

triangle-shaped tissue sections that contain tubules that carry urine from the renal cortex to the renal calyces; also known as the renal pyramids

43
Q

needle biopsy

A

procedure in which a hollow needle is used to remove a core sample of tissue for microscopic examination

44
Q

nephrectomy

A

the surgical removal of a kidney due to damage or dysfunction

45
Q

nephritic syndrome

A

a group of clinical signs and symptoms, present in some disorders, that cause glomerulonephritis; marked by blood and protein in the urine and by edema (swelling) in various parts of the body

46
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

renal calculi; kidney stones

47
Q

nephron

A

the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

48
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

a disease in which the arteriole walls in the kidneys become narrowed and thickened, often due to essential hypertension; may lead to renal ischemia

49
Q

nocturnal enuresis

A

the involuntary discharge of urine that occurs during sleep; commonly known as bed-wetting

50
Q

oliguria

A

a condition in which a small amount of urine is produced

51
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

a type of dialysis in which a catheter is inserted into the peritoneum and a solution called a dialysate is introduced into the peritoneal cavity; the fluid removes wastes from the blood and exits via the catheter

52
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

an inherited disorder that causes increased blood levels of phenylalanine, an amino acid found in protein

53
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU) test

A

a test that checks for phenylketonuria in infants

54
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

a disease characterized by the development of cysts (fluid-filled sacs) in the kidney, leading to an enlargement and impaired function of the kidney

55
Q

polyuria

A

a condition of excessive urine production

56
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and the functional tissue of the kidney

57
Q

reabsorption

A

Definition (57 of 95)The process during which the blood reclaims useful substances from the filtrate that flows through the renal tubules

58
Q

renal angiogram

A

X-ray examination that uses a camera and a contrast medium to take “moving images” of blood flow through the blood vessels in the kidneys

59
Q

renal angioplasty

A

the dilation and/or repair of one or more major blood vessels in the kidney through stent placement

60
Q

renal artery

A

the blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidneys

61
Q

renal calyces

A

cup-like cavities that collect urine

62
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

a cancerous tumor of the kidney that occurs in adulthood; also known as hypernephroma

63
Q

renal cortex

A

the outer layer of the kidney

64
Q

renal failure

A

a condition in which kidney disease or damage results in impaired filtration of waste products from the blood

65
Q

renal hypertension

A

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

66
Q

renal ischemia

A

a condition in which blood flow to the glomerulus severely decreases, resulting in atrophy and scarring of the kidney tissue; often a result of nephrosclerosis

67
Q

renal medulla

A

the inner region of the kidney

68
Q

renal pelvis

A

the widened, upper part of the ureter

69
Q

renal tubule

A

the part of a nephron that leads away from a glomerulus and empties into a collecting tubule

70
Q

retrograde pyelogram

A

X-ray visualization of the renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder using a contrast agent

71
Q

secretion

A

the process during which waste products, such as urea and creatinine, along with some water, are pushed into tubules for excretion out of the body

72
Q

sonography

A

a diagnostic imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to generate images of organs and structures in the body

73
Q

surgery

A

surgical treatment often necessary to improve the quality of life for patients with chronic kidney disease

74
Q

trigone

A

a triangle formed by the ureteral openings and the internal opening of the urethra; also known as the bladder neck

75
Q

urea

A

a waste product broken down by the liver

76
Q

ureter

A

the tube through which urine flows from the renal calyces to the urinary bladder

77
Q

urethra

A

a tube that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

78
Q

urethral sphincters

A

two structures composed of muscle tissue that work together to control the flow of urine

79
Q

urinalysis (UA)

A

examination of the urine for the presence of abnormal elements that may indicate a pathological condition

80
Q

urinary bladder

A

a hollow, muscular organ located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity, which serves as a reservoir for urine until the urine can be expelled from the body

81
Q

urinary catheterization (CATH)

A

the insertion of a flexible, hollow tube through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine

82
Q

urinary incontinence

A

the loss of voluntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder; also known as incontinence

83
Q

urinary meatus

A

the exit point of the urethra; also known as the external urethral orifice

84
Q

urinary retention

A

the inability to completely empty the bladder due to a urethral blockage or a neurological disorder

85
Q

urinary system

A

the major filtering system of the body, which aids the cardiovascular system by cleansing the blood of metabolic waste and by flushing excessive fluids from the body

86
Q

urinary tract

A

part of the urinary system, which includes the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, and is responsible for draining urine from the kidneys

87
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

an infection that usually originates in the bladder, causing symptoms such as pain or burning with urination; fever; fatigue; urinary urgency; and pain in the lower back

88
Q

urinary urgency

A

the sudden, compelling urge to urinate; may be associated with many disorders and also tends to increase with age

89
Q

urination

A

the passing of urine; also known as micturition and voiding

90
Q

urine

A

the substance formed by the kidneys, which can be stored and then expelled from the body

91
Q

urologist

A

a physician who specializes in diseases of the urinary system and the male’s reproductive tract

92
Q

vesicovaginal fistula

A

an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina, often resulting from tissue damage; characterized by urinary or fecal incontinence

93
Q

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

A

X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra using a contrast medium

94
Q

Wilms tumor

A

a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in childhood

95
Q

X-rays with contrast media (dyes)

A

an imaging method in which a patient is given contrast media to contrast different structures and fluids in the body

medical terminology (27 decks)

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