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Developmental Psychology > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

The timing of the maturation of the adrenal gland (a small gland located just above the kidneys)

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2
Q

When does adrenarche occur?

A

Between the ages of 6 and 11

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3
Q

What happens between the ages of 6 & 11 during adrenarche?

A

The adrenal gland secretes low levels of DHEA, the metabolism of which leads to the circulation of both testosterone & estradiol (the primary sex steroids)

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4
Q

What is an example of the expression of the “underground” biological processes that occur during adrenarche?

A

A child developing their first crush

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5
Q

When does gonadarche occur?

A

Between the ages of 13 & 20.

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6
Q

What is menarche?

A

The occurrence of a girl’s first period.

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7
Q

What is spermarche?

A

The occurrence of a boy’s first ejaculation.

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8
Q

What is activated during gonadarche?

A

The pituitary gland (near the hypothalamus)

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9
Q

What happens during gonadarche, aside from the activation of the pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormones are released, the sex organs mature (mature ova which are present since before birth are released) & sperm are manufactured.

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10
Q

Which kind of sex characteristics change during gonadarche?

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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11
Q

At what rate has the age of puberty onset decreased by over the past 150 years?

A

At a rate of 2 years

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12
Q

What triggers the onset of puberty?

A

Fat stores

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13
Q

What may change during puberty?

A

Health successes & social behaviours

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14
Q

What may have an impact on the onset of puberty?

A

Childhood nutrition & health status (through reduced childhood infections)

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15
Q

What is a puberty accelerator?

A

Stress

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16
Q

What is 1 of the stressors most effective at accelerating puberty?

A

Familial disruption, including father absenteeism

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17
Q

Has menarche begun earlier or later over time in some countries?

A

Earlier

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18
Q

What does the evolutionary theory of socialisation posit?

A

That early stressors can lead to early puberty

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19
Q

Which theory is taken from the original “parental investment theory” (Trivers, 1974)?

A

The evolutionary theory of socialisation

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20
Q

What is the idea of the “parental investment theory”?

A

That you model your ideas of parental investment on your childhood environment & that can trigger differences in pubertal onset.

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21
Q

What gradually increases over time for both boys & girls?

A

Height

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22
Q

What rapidly increases, then rapidly decreases, for both boys & girls?

A

Height gain per year

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23
Q

What happens at about the age of 13 for girls, & 16 for boys?

A

A final maturational growth spurt

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24
Q

Who tend to be less satisfied with their sizes, weights, & figures?

A

Girls who mature earlier than their peers.

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25
Q

Who only have temporary negative perceptions of their body image?

A

Boys who mature later than their peers

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26
Q

What kinds of issues can boys who mature early run into?

A

Low self-control, low emotional stability, risky behaviour & legal troubles.

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27
Q

What kinds of issues can girls who mature early run into?

A

Low self-control, low emotional stability, early sexual activity, deteriorating school performance, truancy, risky behaviour, shoplifting, running away, & evoking the attention of older boys.

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28
Q

Which neuroanatomical change occurs during adolescence?

A

The brain regions associated with self-reflection (the dorsal mPFC) develop.

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29
Q

What activates the dmPFC?

A

Reflecting on one’s own thoughts/ personality traits that describe oneself

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30
Q

What shift occurs between adolescence & adulthood?

A

The shift of the brain’s ‘focus’ from the mPFC to the temporal regions

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31
Q

What changes occur during adolescence?

A

Different neurocognitive strategies are used when making self-referential judgements & neuroanatomical changes occur.

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32
Q

What are the cortical neural correlates of cognitive control?

A

Circuitry in the prefrontal cortex becomes more fine-tuned & less activation is needed to overcome interference.

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33
Q

What happens if someone has weak cognitive control?

A

They may engage in risky behaviours

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34
Q

What are the subcortical neural correlates of cognitive control?

A

The caudate nucleus connects with the PFC.

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35
Q

According to demographic evidence, what caused the onset of sexual relations to reduce between the 1950s & 60s?

A

The unravelling of the grouping of marriage status & entrance to the labour force

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36
Q

What suggests that social context influences the onset of sexual relations?

A

Demographic evidence showing a reduction in the onset of sexual relations between the 1950s & 60s due to the unravelling of the grouping of marriage status & entrance to the labour force.

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37
Q

In the 1950s, by what age was 50% of the female population married?

A

20

38
Q

In the 1950s, by what age was 50% of the male population married?

A

23

39
Q

When did people begin to get married later (in their late 20s & 30s)?

A

By 2000

40
Q

When does adolescence become culturally defined as a life stage?

A

When full-time education replaces full-time employment as the primary activity of young people.

41
Q

Which societies place premium on education & training?

A

Those with advanced economies

42
Q

Which societies are sheltered from the adult world?

A

Those with advanced economies

43
Q

Which societies engage in youth-based worlds that are age-segregated?

A

Those with advanced economies

44
Q

What is the central paradox faced by advanced industrial societies?

A

They deem adolescence & early adulthood to be life stages in ways that inevitably render them problematic (they simultaneously indulge & castigate their youths)

45
Q

Which quote from Aristotle demonstrates his view of youth?

A

“Passionate, irascible & apt to be carried away by their impulses”

46
Q

Which quote by Erik Erikson expresses his views on the individual & society?

A

His quote stating that there is a “mutual fit of individual & environment… that is, of the individual’s capacity to relate to an ever-expanding life space of people & institutions, on the one hand, &, on the other hand, the readiness of these people & institutions to make him part of an ongoing cultural concern.”

47
Q

What was the notion behind Erik Erikson’s epigenetic principle?

A

That development is predetermined.

48
Q

What did Erik Erikson believe about crises?

A

That we go through several, during the immature, critical, & resolution phases of our lives.

49
Q

What did Erik Erikson believe about the ego?

A

That it has strengths & weaknesses.

50
Q

Did Erik Erikson believe that there was variation or constancy within the “universal steps”?

A

Variation

51
Q

Which factors can influence identity & role confusion in adolescence?

A

Loyalty & friendship

52
Q

According to Erik Erikson’s theory of identity vs. role confusion, what do adolescents need to develop during this stage?

A

A sense of identity.

53
Q

According to Erik Erikson’s theory of identity vs. role confusion, what is associated with developing a sense of identity?

A

Defining who you are, what you value, & which direction you want to go in during your life; committing to a vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group & ideals; & exploring & resolve an identity crisis.

54
Q

According to Erik Erikson’s theory of identity vs. role confusion, what is associated with role confusion?

A

A lack of direction & definition of self; restricted adolescent exploration; & lack of preparation for the stages of adulthood.

55
Q

According to Piaget’s views of adolescence, when does the formal operational stage occur?

A

From 11 years old onwards.

56
Q

According to Piaget’s views of adolescence, what is involved in the formal operational stage?

A

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning (from general theories to specific predictions), propositional thought (logical evaluation without real-world reference), & abstract thought.

57
Q

What are the consequences of adolescents’ capacity to think abstractly, combined with the physical changes that they endure?

A

They think more about themselves

58
Q

What did Piaget believe about the capacity of adolescents to think abstractly (combined with the physical changes that they endure)?

A

That this causes them to develop a new form of egocentrism (the inability to distinguish the abstract perspectives of the self & others).

59
Q

What is associated with the imaginary audience tendency?

A

Increased awareness of others’ perspectives.

60
Q

What are 2 components of the imaginary audience tendency?

A

The conviction that you are the focus of everyone’s attention & concern; & extreme self-consciousness & sensitivity to public criticism.

61
Q

Does the RT between 1st-person- & 3rd-person-perspective-taking increase or decrease with age?

A

It decreases with age

62
Q

What does the fact that RT between 1st-person- & 3rd-person-perspective-taking decreases with age indicate?

A

Either increased proficiency/ an ability to use themself as the standard more often.

63
Q

What is involved in the development of perspective-taking?

A

The imaginary audience tendency

64
Q

Which theory is involved with the development of the imaginary audience tendency?

A

The “new look” theory (Lapsley)

65
Q

What does the “new look” theory suggest?

A

That separation-individuation occurs in correlation with the imaginary audience tendency.

66
Q

What does the separation-individuation theory focus on?

A

The development of one’s own identity as separate from their parents, causing one to become self-conscious, leading to the development of the imaginary audience tendency.

67
Q

What is the belief behind the social-perspective theory?

A

That during the development of the imaginary audience tendency, individuals develop an awareness of others having the capacity to evaluate them (leading to the overestimation of this happening).

68
Q

What does personal fable refer to in relation to the development of the imaginary audience tendency?

A

An individual’s inflated opinion of their own importance (due to the imaginary audience tendency); an individual’s feeling of no one else being able to understand what they’re experiencing; & an individual’s feeling of invulnerability.

69
Q

What does the “looking-glass self” refer to in relation to the development of perspective-taking?

A

Reflected appraisals based on our beliefs about how others see us (the self as viewed by other people)

70
Q

What becomes more coherent with age in relation to perspective-taking?

A

Self-concept

71
Q

Who use the self as a basis for judging others once their self-concept has become relatively coherent?

A

Adolescents

72
Q

Who claimed, “When I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around; but when I got to be 21, I was astonished at how much he had learned in seven years”?

A

Mark Twain

73
Q

Who tend to feel older than they are?

A

Younger people

74
Q

Who tend to feel younger than they are?

A

Older people

75
Q

Which effect is most prominent in the oldest & youngest populations?

A

The subjective age effect

76
Q

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?

A

The preconventional, conventional, & postconventional levels.

77
Q

What are the 2 sub-stages of Kohlberg’s proposed preconventional level?

A

Punishment & obedience; & instrumental relativism.

78
Q

What are the 2 sub-stages of Kohlberg’s proposed conventional level?

A

The good boy-nice girl orientation & maintaining social order.

79
Q

What are the 2 sub-stages of Kohlberg’s proposed postconventional level?

A

Social contract & universal ethical principles

80
Q

What level are most 7-10-year-olds reasoning at?

A

The preconventional level

81
Q

What level are most 13-16-year-olds reasoning at?

A

The conventional level

82
Q

How many subjects show the postconventional type of reasoning?

A

Few

83
Q

Do numbers of preconventional statements increase/ decrease between the ages of 7 & 16?

A

They decrease

84
Q

Do numbers of conventional statements increase/ decrease between the ages of 7 & 13?

A

They increase

85
Q

Do numbers of conventional statements increase/ decrease between the ages of 13 & 16?

A

They decrease

86
Q

Do numbers of postconventional statements increase/ decrease between the ages of 7 & 16?

A

They increase

87
Q

How many types of bias are associated with criticism of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

2

88
Q

What are the 2 types of bias that are associated with criticism of Kohlberg’s theory?

A

Cultural & gender biases

89
Q

How could Kohlberg’s theory be viewed as culturally biased?

A

As some cultures aren’t reflected in his theory

90
Q

How could Kohlberg’s theory be viewed as gender-biased?

A

Due to his equation of moral competence & development with justice & rights.

91
Q

Is the connection between moral reasoning & moral behaviour often direct/ indirect?

A

Indirect

92
Q

Aside from cultural & gender biases associated with Kohlberg’s theory, what else could be criticised about it?

A

The connection between moral reasoning & moral behaviour is often indirect

Developmental Psychology (11 decks)

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