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NURS 4540: Community Health > Week 12 > Flashcards

Week 12 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ecological determinants of health (7)

A
  • Interacting ecosystems of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial surfaces, or the “natural goods and services” that are essential for life on our planet.
  • Oxygen, clean water, and soil, and resources for energy and materials for shelter.
  • Ecological systems such as the ozone layer (protects us from UV rays)
  • Clean oceans & marine systems to provide food
  • Natural systems to detoxify waste, Ecotoxicity
  • A stable climate. / climate change = can sustain life globally
  • Pollution.
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2
Q

what are 3 enviro frameworks

A
  • indigenous perspectives on health & the enviro
  • intersectional ecological-feminist approaches
  • planetary health approaches
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3
Q

describe the Indigenous perspectives on health & the enviro

A
  • having deep respect, humility, and responsibility to protect the environment and preserve it for future generations
  • Holistic understanding that ought to guide our relationship as humans with non-human life on Earth
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4
Q

describe the Intersectional ecological-feminist approaches

A
  • A care-sensitive ethic, particularly for policy and decision making, includes valuing caring work done in society for children, the sick, older adults, and the environment.
  • Necessary for a holistic understanding of our relationship with the environment is refraining from two approaches
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5
Q

according to the Intersectional Ecological-Feminist Approaches, we should refrain from which 2 approaches

A
  1. value dualism
  2. value hierarchial thinking
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6
Q

describe value dualism

A
  • used to establish opposition and exclusiveness

ex. when reason is associated with the masculine and opposite to emotion which is feminine

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7
Q

describe value hierarchial thinking

A
  • used to establish a hierarchy to justify domination, and the exploitation and pollution of natural resources by humans and the simultaneous oppression of populations rendered vulnerable by those with more economic and political power
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8
Q

any framework that facilitates value-hierarchial thinking has to…

A
  • have a component to make oppressive relations visible in order to re-negotiate and re-construct a more viable society and sustainable future
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9
Q

describe planetary health approaches

A
  • concerned with the unprecedented impact of human activity on Earth’s ecological systems in the atmosphere, in oceans, and on land and its consequences for human health
  • Instead of looking at the environment as something dangerous and to be feared, planetary health recognizes that we can achieve and sustain the health of future generations by taking care of our planet’s natural systems.
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10
Q

framework of planetary health

A
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11
Q

the framework of planetary health illustrates…

A
  • how human activities in the form of consumerism, overpopulation, and environmentally damaging technologies are the underlying drivers of ecological change
  • attempts to explain the forces currently driving global change and at the same time suggests where and how social action could lead to positive health outcomes.
  • This ecological change negatively impacts air quality, food production, infectious disease exposure, fresh water access, and natural phenomena.
  • socially mediating factors contribute to negative health outcomes, including malnutrition, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, displacement and conflict, and mental health.
  • the mediating factors of public policies, deciSion making in governance, and advances in technology Can also contribute to positive health outcomes.
  • this framework depicts a mechanism of how humans are harming their own health by harming life-sustaining ecosystems.
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12
Q

describe primordial prevention r/t EDoH (3)

A
  • legislation that protects green space
  • legislation that restricts pollution
  • advocacy for policies that protect the enviro
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13
Q

describe primary prevention r/t EDoH

A
  • helping new parents make better environmentally sound choices
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14
Q

describe secondary prevention r/t EDoH (3)

A
  • screening for possible harmful impacts on environment and health equity outcomes
  • Screen so sufficient green spaces are included in plans
  • Preventing harm to natural environment when a new subdivision is proposed.
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15
Q

describe tertiary prevention r/t EDoH (3)

A
  • enviro health clinic to help pts and community with health issues r/t enviro
  • prevent further deterioration of an already existing condition
  • advocating with the client community on issues such as pesticide-free lawns.
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16
Q

describe quaternaryprevention r/t EDoH (3)

A
  • action taken to identify a patient or a population at risk of overmedicalization
  • pharmaceutical compounds in freshwater and saltwater marine species
  • advocating with patients for prudent selection of only the most necessary drugs. Esp estrogens, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs.
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17
Q

who’s ay risk of the EDOH (9)

A
  • poor
  • very young
  • very old
  • vulnerable
  • geographically vulnerable, esp. w climate change
  • poor
  • minority
  • disenfranchised
  • indigenous people
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18
Q

what is the geographical scope of gobal health

A
  • deals w issues that directly affect health of al people in the world including those that transcend national boundaries
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19
Q

with global health, is the focus on individuals or populations

A
  • concerned w all strategies that improve the health of all people, including health promotion & illness prevention at the population lvl & clinical care of individuals
  • builds on national public health initiatives and institutions
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20
Q

what is the geographical scope of international health

A
  • deals w health issues of resource constrained countries rather than one’s own country of residence or citizenship
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21
Q

does international health focus on individuals or populations

A
  • encompasses both health promotion & illness prevention in populations & clinical care of individuals
  • however, the scope of solutions is limited to the countries working together
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22
Q

what is the geographical scope of public health

A
  • deals w issues that shape population health of a community or entire country and within the geographic boundary of that country
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23
Q

does public health focus on the individual or population

A
  • focuses on health promotion and illness prevention programs at the population-level within a country
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24
Q

who are most vulnerable to enviro health inequities

A
  • populations
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25
Q

what are the Millenium Development Goals of GLOBAL HEALTH (8)

A
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26
Q

what are some sustainable development goals of global health

A
  • also reduce inequality within and among countries
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27
Q

define: geographic or geopolitical location

A

ie. artic vs niagara region

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28
Q

define: social location

A
  • place and position in society and impact on access to clean environment and whether someone has control over their environment.
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29
Q

disasters usually occur…

A
  • suddenly
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30
Q

disasters are caused by… (4)

A
  • nature
  • human error
  • biohazard
  • infectious diseases
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31
Q

what are examples of disasters (12)

A
  • earthquakes
  • floods
  • fires
  • hurricanes
  • major storms
  • volcanic eruption
  • spills
  • air crashes
  • droughts
  • epidemics
  • food shortages
  • civil strife
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32
Q

what kind of effects do disasters have?

A
  • long term
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33
Q

what are at risk groups r/t disasters? (5)

A
  • women
  • children
  • older adults
  • poor
  • people w disabilities
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34
Q

what is the defining feature of disasters

A
  • the event exceeds the capacity of the community to respond
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35
Q

what are 3 different types of disasters

A
  • natural
  • human made
  • epidemics
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36
Q

natural disasters are..

A
  • unpredictable
  • happen very suddenly or quickly
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37
Q

the impact of natural disasters can sometimes be mitigated by..

A
  • advanced warning
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38
Q

what are examples of natural disasters (13)

A
  • droughts
  • heat waves
  • ice storms
  • heavy snowfalls
  • earthquakes
  • tornadoes
  • floods
  • storms
  • tsunamis
  • volcanoes
  • wildfires
  • train derailment
  • plane crash
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39
Q

human made disasters often result in…

A
  • mass numbers of civilian injuries and deaths
40
Q

what are examples of human made disasters (5)

A
  • bioterrorism
  • bombings
  • technical disasters
  • oil spills
  • nuclear
41
Q

what is an epidemic

A
  • when an infectious disease spreads rapidly, affecting a large number of individuals within a population, community, or region
42
Q

what is an example of an epidemic

A
  • canadian opiod crisis
43
Q

define: emergency mngmt

A
  • an essential discipline involving a diverse group of professionals with the ultimate responsibility resting with the government to assess and deal with risk in an effort to protect the health and safety of the public.
44
Q

define: crisis or emergency

A
  • a threatening condition that requires urgent action to avoid escalation and therefore disaster
45
Q

what are the 5 steps of emergency mnmgt

A
  • prevention
  • mitigation
  • preparedness
  • response
  • recovery
46
Q

describe the prevention step of emergency mngmt (4)

A
  • involves activities taken to prevent or avoid an emergency or disaster
  • occurs before the emergency
  • focuses on the hazard by promoting healthy lifestyles thru public health education
  • Help reduce a community’s vulnerability to disaster.
47
Q

describe the mitigation step of emergency mngmt

A
  • involves actions that can reduce the impact of a disaster on the community
48
Q

what are examples of mitigation

A
  • influenza vaccination
  • infection control measures
49
Q

what is the goal of prevention & mitigation w emergency mngmt

A
  • to help reduce a community’s volunerability to disaster
50
Q

describe the preparedness step of emergency mngmt

A
  • intended to maximize the efficiency of the response through planning and preparation
  • actions taken before the emergency focus on plans to establish communication systems, conduct training, and test response plans.
51
Q

describe the response step of emergency mngmt

A
  • designed to address the immediate effects of an emergency
  • focus on operations and include the mobilization of providers
  • the coordination of health care services, and the acquisition of necessary supplies.
52
Q

describe the recovery step of emergency mngmt

A
  • designed to return a situation to an acceptable and normal condition
  • usually the longest phase and focuses on restoration
  • includes getting back to the social and cultural norms that impact public health
  • includes activities to restore services, rebuild infrastructure and care for sick and injured
  • MAY ALSO include prevention or mitigation designed to avert future emergencies.
53
Q

hazard identification and risk assessment is generic to all response plans. it includes:

A
  • Communication and media plans
  • Business continuity plans
  • Employee health and safety plans
  • Procurement of supplies and purchasing plans.
54
Q

hazard identification risk assessment is a tool to

A
  • prepare for the worst, and prioritize threats based on probability and consequence.
55
Q

legislation regarding emergency and preparedness is found in.. (3)

A
  • the emergencies act
  • the emergency preparedness act
  • the emergency mngmt act
56
Q

the emergency act is _____. what does it do?

A
  • its federal
  • grants special powers
  • includes 4 categories of national emergency
57
Q

according to the emergencies act, what are the 4 categories of national emergency

A
  • public welfare
  • public order
  • international emergencies
  • state of war
58
Q

what is a public welfare emergency

A
  • major natural disaster or accident
59
Q

what is a public order emergency

A
  • serious national security threat
60
Q

what is an international emergency

A
  • due to acts of coercion or intimidation or serious use of force or violence that threatens the sovereignty security or territorial integrity of Canada
61
Q

what is a state of war

A
  • active or imminent involving Canada or its allies
62
Q

what is the emergency preparedness act

A
  • basis for planning necessary to address all disasters
  • addresses the need for cooperation between the provinces and territories at the federal level to establish responsibilities and provides structure of training and education in emergency planning.
63
Q

what is the emergency mngmt act

A
  • strengthens government’s readiness to respond by defining roles and responsibility for all federal ministers
  • critical infrastructure to support populations in times of disaster
64
Q

what is the precautionary principle

A
  • Enables decision-makers to adopt precautionary measures when scientific evidence about an environmental or human health hazard is uncertain and the stakes are high
65
Q

what is an example of the precautionary principle

A
  • masks –> Scientific evidence is not in yet/inconclusive – just to be safe, public health officials must act if a hazard is suspected
66
Q

describe the assessment phase of preparedness (3)

A
  • Identify those at risk
  • Conduct a hazard vulnerability assessment
  • Eliminate threats before disaster strikes
67
Q

describe the planning phase of preparedness

A
  • Plan to address needs in event of disaster, with all stakeholders
68
Q

describe the implementation of preparedness

A
  • conduct training, drills, etc.
69
Q

describe the evaluation of preparedness

A
  • Evaluate training and drills
  • Evaluation operational plans
70
Q

describe the assessment of response

A
  • Rapid needs assessments during crisis to meet population needs, esp. vulnerable
71
Q

describe the planning of response

A
  • Collaborate with response partners to develop plans and triage algorithms to ensure appropriate care
72
Q

describe the implementation of response

A
  • Logistics in place for care to continue during crisis
73
Q

describe the evaluation of response

A
  • Ongoing response planning
  • Real-time adjustment
74
Q

describe the planning of recovery

A
  • Work with stakeholders to plan for long term health concerns after crisis; identify resources
75
Q

describe the implementation of recovery

A
  • Reconstitution of critical services
  • sustainment of health and social infrastructure
76
Q

describe the evaluation of recovery

A
  • Evaluate long term impact and unintended consequences
77
Q

what are examples of public health emergencies in Canada over the last 20 years (5)

A
  • contamination of walkerton ontario’s water supply in 2000
  • sudden acute resp syndrome in 2003
  • 2008 listeriosis outbreak in Maple Leaf meat processing plant
  • H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009
  • opioid crisis declared a public health emergency in 2016
78
Q

define: public health surge interventions

A
  • improve access and availability of limited health resources for the entire population (mass immunization clinics during a pandemic is an example of a public health surge event).
79
Q

define: medical triage

A
  • sort individuals to maximize the numbers of lives saved
80
Q

define: public health triage

A
  • identifying populations for priority interventions

ex. elderly or Indigenous

81
Q

see slides for info on Lake St Martin First Nations disaster (too much for slides)

A

…

82
Q

define: a “sustainable livelihood”

A
  • the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social), the activities, and the access to these (mediated by institutions and social relations) that together determine the living gained by an individual or household
  • Not just about employment/livelihood – it’s a broad term
83
Q

what is the sustainable livelihood framework

A
  • Broad examination of impacts (e.g., human, social, physical, environmental, and financial) and included an exploration of the role of institutions and policies on impacts of flooding and dislocation.
84
Q

what institutional structures contributed to the lake st. martin disaster

A
  • indian act
  • other colonial policiies

= take away local decision-making policies

85
Q

describe the jurisdictional divide r/t the Lake St. Martin disaster

A
  • Canadian provinces manage waterways and natural resources; however, the federal government is responsible for FN communities jurisdictional divide occurs re: FN and access to resources.
  • there was NO involvement of FNs in provincial water mngmt processes
86
Q

what was the result of the Lake St Martin disaster (4)

A
  • Further erosion of trust
  • Further colonization and colonialism
  • Dislocation had a long-lasting negative impact on the St. Martin community because community members were deeply attached to their land. They lost everything.
  • Finally, in 2022, there is a financial settlement
87
Q

what kind of disaster is the lake st martin flood?

A
  • a human made disaster (artifical flood)
88
Q

what are some of the factors/determinants of health that increased the vulnerability of the LSM community to the disaster and its negative impact? (6)

A
  • Low education
  • low income
  • indigenous status
  • minimal financial resources
  • poor infrastructure
  • lack of non-FN social networks.
89
Q

what were the population health outcomes of the LSM disaster (6)

A
  • Miscarriages
  • depression
  • mental health
  • chronic disease
  • premature deaths
  • Foodbanks to get food, choose what to spend the per diem on.
90
Q

define: globalization

A
  • a constellation of processes by which nations, businesses, and people are becoming more connected and interdependent via increased economic integration, communication exchange, and cultural diffusion.
91
Q

what are the positive impacts of globalization

A
  • has promoted advancements in technology, science, communication, and cross-national interdependences.
92
Q

what are the negative impacts of globalization

A
  • wide disparities in access to societal resources and the opportunities they afford.
93
Q

define: global health

A
  • an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity for all people worldwide
  • Working together to achieve health equity.
94
Q

what is the foundation of global health (2)

A
  • justice
  • human rights
95
Q

Communicable diseases such as HIV/aids, and TB remain a problem, as well as new and reemerging infections.

Experts anticipate that this trend will continue because of… (5)

A
  • overall growth in the global population size
  • the increased aging population
  • ease of travel
  • urbanization
  • climate change

= all produce enviros that are conducive to the emergence, evolution, and spread of new pathogens

96
Q

what are the major causes of death in children under age 5 (globally) (2)

A
  • pneumonia
  • diarrhea
97
Q

what are the most pressing global health issues (8)

A
  • Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
  • Achieve universal primary education
  • Promote gender equality and empower women
  • Reduce child mortality
  • Improve maternal health
  • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
  • Ensure environmental sustainability
  • Develop a global partnership for development.

NURS 4540: Community Health (12 decks)

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