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Anatomy And Phys 1 > Exm 3 (ch 12) > Flashcards

Exm 3 (ch 12) Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is in the peripheral nervous system? 

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, enteric plexuses in the small intestine, and sensory receptors in the skin 

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3
Q

Motor output of the PNS

A

Autonomic Nervous System(involuntary) —>sympathetic division, parasympathetic, and enteric plexuses
Sympathetic—> “fight or flight” —> smooth, muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Parasympathetic —> “rest and digest”—> smooth, muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Enteric plexuses—> “rest and digest”—> smooth muscles, and glands of the digestive canal

Somatic Nervous System(voluntary)—> skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Sensory input for PNS

A

Somatic senses and special senses

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5
Q

Analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors

A

Integrative

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6
Q

Respond to stimuli via effectors and control of muscles/glands, maintain homeostasis in autonomic nervous system

A

Motor

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7
Q

bundle of axons that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Nerves (in PNS)

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8
Q

fibers bring information to the CNS from general/somatic
and special senses

A

Sensory (afferent) (in PNS)

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9
Q

fibers conveys information from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
• Autonomic vs. somatic

A

Motor (efferent)

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10
Q

Afferent

A

Senses

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11
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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12
Q

conveys information from the CNS to skeletal muscle ONLY, voluntary

A

Somatic(SNS)

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13
Q

from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, involuntary

A

Autonomic(ANS)

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14
Q

“fight or flight” response

A

Sympathetic

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15
Q

“rest and digest” response

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

network of neurons controlling digestion, can function
independently but still interacts with other branches of the ANS

A

Enteric plexuses

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17
Q

What is the functional cell of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons

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18
Q

Neural impulse through neurons are called

A

Action potentials

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19
Q

receives electrical signals

A

Dendrites

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20
Q

contains nucleus and organelles

A

Cell body

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21
Q

clusters of rough ER and free
ribosomes

A

Nissl bodies

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22
Q

where the axon joins the cell body in a cone-shaped elevation

A

Axon hillock

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23
Q

propagates nerve impulses towards another neuron

A

Axon

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24
Q

unipolar/pseudounipolar are sensory or motor?

A

SENSORY

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25
Q

What cells are found in the cerebellum in dendritic branching

A

Purkinje cells

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26
Q

What cells are found in the
cerebral cortex in dendritic branching

A

Pyramidal cells

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27
Q

usually unipolar
o Conveys information to the CNS

A

Sensory/Afferent neurons

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28
Q

usually multipolar
o Conveys action potential from the CNS

A

Motor/Efferent neurons

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29
Q

usually multipolar
o Process sensory information and elicit motor response

A

Interneurons/Association neurons

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30
Q

Support the CNS

A

Neuroglia

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31
Q

tumors from glia that are super malignant and grow rapidly

A

Gliomas

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32
Q

Neuroglia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells PNS or CNS?

A

CNS

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33
Q

Neuroglia: Schwann cells and satellite cells
CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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34
Q

many extensions like a star, uses
extensions to wrap around, bind, and provide structural support to the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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35
Q

line the CNS fluid filled cavities (ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord) and are the epithelial cells of the CNS, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the choroid plexus

A

Ependymal cells

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36
Q

produce myelin “white matter”
• One of these produces myelin for several different axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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37
Q

removes cellular debris,
phagocytoses microbes and damaged tissue

A

Microglia

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38
Q

produce myelin sheath in the PNS
• A single of these cells produces myelin for only one axon

A

Schwann cells (neurolemmocyte)

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39
Q

surround cell bodies of
neurons in the PNS ganglia and
regulate the exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

A

Satellite cells

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40
Q

Cell bodies from most neurons are called _____ when found in clusters in the PNS – the glia found here are the satellite cells

A

Ganglia

41
Q

The myelin sheath is produced by ______ and ______ and it surrounds the axons of most neurons

A

Schwann cells (PNS), oligodendrocytes (CNS)

42
Q

The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell is the

A

Neurolemma

43
Q

Cell bodies (hint which mater)

A

Grey mater

44
Q

Axons that have been myelinated (hint which mater)

A

White mater

45
Q

Is grey and white mater inside or outside of the spinal cord?

A

Grey mater inside and white outside

46
Q

Is grey and white mater inside or outside of the brain?

A

Grey outside white inside

47
Q

What they call a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS and PNS

A

Nucleus, ganglion

48
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS and PNS

A

tracts, Nerves

49
Q

allow communication over short and long distances whereas

A

Action potentials

50
Q

allow communication
over short distances only

A

Graded potentials

51
Q

Production of an AP or a GP depends upon

A

the existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels

52
Q

allow specific ions to move across the plasma membrane down their electrochemical gradient - a concentration difference plus and electrical difference that is established by a Na+/K+ ATPase pump that uses ATP to pump 3 Na+ ions across the membrane out of the cell and subsequently brings 2 K+ ions back into the cell. (Needs an unequal distribution of charges through Na+/K+ ATPase pump)

A

Ion channels

53
Q

So there is generally a more ____ charge outside the cell than inside the cell – separation of charges creates a_______ with lots of potential energy

A

Positive. resting membrane potential

54
Q

alternate between open and closed
• K+ channels are more numerous than Na + channels

A

Leak channels

55
Q

respond to chemical stimuli (…… binds to receptor)

A

Ligand-gated channels. Ligand

56
Q

respond to mechanical vibration or pressure stimuli. Ex: stretch receptors

A

Mechanically-gated channels

57
Q

respond to direct changes in membrane potential

A

Voltage-gated channels

58
Q

fewer Na+ leak channels but some still gets into the cell which would disrupt the membrane potential BUT, offset by Na+/K+ ATPase that pushes 3 Na+ out for every 2K+ in so Na+ is pumped out as fast as it leaks in. (THIS CAUSES THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE MEMBRANE)

A

Na+/K+ pumps

59
Q

Hyperpolarized makes it more (negative/positive?) and more polarized

A

Negative

60
Q

Depolarizing graded potentials make the membrane less polarized and the inside (less/more?) negative

A

Less

61
Q

the process by which
graded potentials can add together to
become larger in amplitude

A

Summation

62
Q

An _____ is a sequence of rapidly occurring
events that decrease and eventually reverse the
membrane potential and eventually restore it to the
resting state.

A

Action potential

63
Q

An action potential is a what kind of response

A

All or nothing

64
Q

minimum stimulus for a response

A

Threshold (- 55mV)

65
Q

Resting membrane potential number

A

-70

66
Q

Action potential actually starts at what number (threshold)

A

-50/55

67
Q

Na+ in

A

Depolarization stage (-55 to+30)

68
Q

K+ out

A

Repolarization phase (+30)

69
Q

K+ gates slow to
close so hyperpolarization

A

Hyperpolarization (-90)

70
Q

Action potential stages

A

-Resting membrane potential: Voltage-gated Na* channels are in the resting state and voltage-gated K° channels are closed.
-Stimulus causes depolarization to threshold.
-Voltage-gated Na* channel activation gates are open.
-Voltage-gated K* channels are open; Na* channels are inactivating.
-Voltage-gated K* channels are still open; Na* channels are in the resting state.

71
Q

All voltage-gated Na* and K+ channels are closed. The axon plasma membrane is at resting membrane potential: small buildup of negative charges along inside surface of membrane and an equal buildup of positive charges along outside surface of membrane.

A

Resting stage

72
Q

When membrane potential of axon reaches threshold, the Na* channel activation gates open. As Na* ions move through these channels into the neuron, a buildup of positive charges forms along inside surface of membrane and the membrane becomes depolarized.

A

Depolarization phase

73
Q

Na+ channel inactivation gates close and K* channels open. The membrane starts to become repolarized as some K* ions leave the neuron and a few negative charges begin to build up along the inside surface of the membrane.

A

Repolarizing phase begins

74
Q

Ka+ outflow continues. As more K* ions leave the neuron, more negative charges build up along inside surface of membrane. K* outflow eventually restores resting membrane potential. Na* channel activation gates close and inactivation gates open. Return to resting state when K* gates close.

A

Re-polarizing phase continues 

75
Q

the period after an action potential where the membrane cannot respond to a stimulus regardless of it’s strength

A

Absolute refractory period

76
Q

the period of time during which a subsequent action potential can be triggered but requires a larger-than- normal stimulus

A

Relative refractory period

77
Q

In order for communication to occur from one body part to another, action potentials must travel from where they arise at the ____. This traveling is called ____

A

trigger zone to the axon terminals. Propagation

78
Q

Action potentials do not die, they keep their strength. And Propagation of Action Potentials is One-Way

A

Just notes

79
Q

myelinated neuron “ leaps”
from nodes of Ranvier to
allow action potentials to
bypass large segments of
membrane

A

Saltatory conduction

80
Q

Gap junctions connect cells and allow the transfer of
information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells

A

Electrical synapse

81
Q

One-way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron

A

Chemical synapse

82
Q

due to excitatory neurotransmitters
• A depolarizing postsynaptic potential

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

83
Q

due to inhibitory neurotransmitters
• A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

84
Q

Removal of Neurotransmitter

A

Diffusion, acetylcholinesterase, Re-uptake (exocytosis)

85
Q

single presynaptic neuron uses
several graded potentials to release a little neurotransmitter each time (in a simple
circuit) (@ 1time)

A

Temporal summation

86
Q

several presynaptic neurons
release neurotransmitter (converging circuit) (several diff neurons simulation a single neuron added together)

A

Spatial summation

87
Q

What does acetylcholine do

A

Muscle contraction

88
Q

What does amino acids do

A

glutamate (excitatory), aspartate, GABA, glycine(inhibitory) .(in brain, could cause disorders)

89
Q

What does Biogenic amines/catecholamines do

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine, serotonin. (Excitatory, makes you feel good)

90
Q

What does nitric oxide and other purines do

A

Blood vessels

91
Q

What does carbon monoxide do

A

Excitatory

92
Q

neurotransmitters linked together
by peptide bonds

A

Neuropeptides

93
Q

a presynaptic neuron stimulates a post-synaptic neuron. One to one ratio

A

Simple series

94
Q

one presynaptic neuron influences several post-synaptic neurons. Simple to complex

A

Diverging

95
Q

a post-synaptic neuron receives nerve impulses from several
different sources. Opposite of diverging

A

Converging

96
Q

the incoming impulse stimulates the first neuron which
stimulates the second, which stimulates the third

A

Reverberating

97
Q

a single presynaptic cell stimulates a group of
neurons that comes together and stimulates a common postsynaptic cell

A

Parallel after-discharge

98
Q

the capability to change based on experience. Ex: the brain is very neroplastic

A

Plasticity

99
Q

the capability to replicate or repair.

A

Regenerate

Anatomy And Phys 1 (39 decks)

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