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British Warfare > Impact of the Boer War on Britain > Flashcards

Impact of the Boer War on Britain Flashcards

1
Q

which acts had made Britain more democratic?

A

1867 and 1884 Parliamentry Reform Acts

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2
Q

how had the 1867 and 1884 Parliamentry Reform Acts increased the franchise?

A

extended the vote to more men
by 1884, 2/3 of all men could vote

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3
Q

what was a major problem with Britain’s democracy?

A

women could not vote

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4
Q

what dominated British politcs in the late 1800s?

A

aristocracy in both the House of Lords and Commons

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5
Q

what were the 2 main political parties in 1899?

A

the Liberals
the Conservative-Unionists

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6
Q

how was religion important in voting political parties?

A

Liberals = nonconformist
Conservatives = Church of England

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7
Q

how was class important in viting political parties?

A

Liberals = working-class
Conservative = middle-class

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8
Q

what was the main thing dividing the political parties?

A

policy on Irish Home Rule

Liberals (under Gladstone) backed an Irish Parliament
Conservatives and many Liberal-unionists opposed

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9
Q

why had Gladstone been unable to pass his Irish Home Rule Bill?

A

1/3 of his own party voted against it

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10
Q

why were the Conservatives able to defeat Gladstone in the 1886 election and hold power for a decade?

A

the liberals who went against Gladstone’s Irish Home Rule Bill joined the Conservatives in an alliance —> formed Conservative-Unionist Party
allowed them to defeat the Liberals

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11
Q

what was the main justification for the British Empire?

A

concept of a mission
Brits were conivinced that British rule improved the quality of life of lower races

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12
Q

what support was there for a war in SA in 1899?

A

both from MPs and public

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13
Q

how powerful was the press by 1899?

A

more people than ever could buy a newspaper —> was cheaper than ever to buy and run
it encouraged support for imperialism and war

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14
Q

when and who set up the Daily Mail?

A

1896 by Alfred Harmsworth

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15
Q

how much was the Daily Mail sold for?

A

a halfpenny

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16
Q

by 1900 how many Daily Mail papers were in circulation?

A

1 million

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17
Q

what effect did the rise of the Daily Mail have on the wider press?

A
  • other papers had to drop their prices to stay competitive
  • new papers emerged which imitated the Daily Mail
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18
Q

what stance did the Daily Mal hold?

A

VERY IMPERIALISTIC
marketed itself as the voice of empire

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19
Q

how had war reporting developed by 1900?

A

newspapers began to send correspondents to the frontlines
was very popular with the public —> boosted sales

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20
Q

who were th famous Boer War correspondents?

A

George Stevens (the Daily Mail)
Winston Churchill (the Morning Post)

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21
Q

how had Buller dealt with the press?

A

he used methods of censorship to prevent the press digging into his plans
cost him dearly as he could not present his side of the story
the public back home came to see him as a buffoon

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22
Q

how had Roberts dealt with the press?

A

he went out of his way to seem approachable with the press
however he kept them away from disturbing scenes such as the typhoid outbreak

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23
Q

how had Baden-Powell manipulated the press?

A

although his defence of Mafeking was successful, he had used the press to patrionise himself and paint himself as a war hero

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24
Q

what were the other methods of media used during the Boer War?

A
  • photographs
  • bioscope
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25
Q

what camera was cheap and most popular in 1900?

A

Brownie camera

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26
Q

who used cameras during the Second Boer War?

A

soldiers as well as journalists

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27
Q

when was the bioscope invented?

A

1895

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28
Q

what was the bioscope?

A

first moving film apparatus

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29
Q

what did the bioscope provide?

A

moving pictures of the war in SA
however were often staged
BUT gave public more insight

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30
Q

how had the commercial world exploited the war?

A

soldiers would often feature in advertisments for all sorts of products

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31
Q

what was Khaki Fever?

A

women were more sexually attracted to men of uniform

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32
Q

how many people cheered the leaving troops at Southampton?

A

500,000

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33
Q

which important events during the war recieved a great amount of attention?

A

relief of Ladysmith and Mafeking

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34
Q

what were examples of strong public support for the war?

A
  • 500,000 cheered troops leaving Southampton
  • more men volunteered
  • pro-Boers were attacked
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35
Q

what opposition was there to imperialism?

A
  • many writers insisted that imperial ambitions distracted attention from the social problems at home
  • many attacked imperialism for it’s attack on native races
  • many saw imperialism as greedy
  • imperialism had divided the liberals into imperialists and radicals
36
Q

what formed the national opposition to the war?

A

liberals
socialists
irish nationalists
the Press
- the Manchester Guardian
- the Morning Star
anti-war groups
- Stop the War Committee
- League against Aggression and Militarism

37
Q

what did Lloyd George lavel the war as?

A

a crime a bkunder, committed at the instigation of irresponsible capitalists

38
Q

which religous groups opposed war?

A

quakers deniunced the war

HOWEVER
most churches backed the war

39
Q

what was the TUC?

A

the Trades Union Congress

40
Q

what stance did the TUC hold regarding the war?

A

they remained neutral

41
Q

why was the TUC neutral?

A

they believed questions about foreign policy were not under the remit of the TUC
many trade unionists had gone to fight in the war too

42
Q

which socialist groups were clearly anti-war?

A

Independant Labour Party
Social Democratic Freedom

both believed that the war was a capitalist war

43
Q

why did many socialists stand with the war?

A

many believed that the war was a national emergency and therefore believed they had a duty first to Britain and second to socialism

44
Q

who were the most outspoken opponents to the war?

A

Irish Nationalists

45
Q

who led the conservatives in the House of Commons?

A

Arthur Balfour

46
Q

why was Balfour criticised in 1899?

A

bad speeches in which he showed the lack of knowledge of the Boers

47
Q

why were the opposition unable to defend the Boer cause?

A

they were occupying British territory
the war was going badly for the British

48
Q

what was the Khaki Election?

A

general election called by Salisbury in September 1900

49
Q

what majority did Salisbury get in the 1900 General Election?

A

134 seats

50
Q

what did the 1900 election prove?

A

the lack of organisation in the Liberal Party

51
Q

why did the Liberals struggle to put out candidates?

A

they were financially struggling
many bankers stopped supporting anti-war groups as they were also anti-imperialists

52
Q

when did Salisbury step down?

A

in 1902

53
Q

what problems did the Liberals face in their opposition to the war?

A

Cambell-Bannerman’s anti-war stance shocked many imperialist liberals who plotted to replace him
HOWEVER
Campbell-Bannerman was able to retain the support of most Liberal MPs

54
Q

how much did the Second Boer War cost?

A

£217 million

55
Q

who was the Chancellor in 1901?

A

Michael Beach

56
Q

how did Beach raise money for the war?

A
  • tax on refined sugar
  • levy of 1 shilling on exported coal
  • raised income tax by 2 pennies
57
Q

how much of the war was paid through taxes?

A

only a third

58
Q

who was Chancellor in 1902?

A

Charles Ritchie

59
Q

what did Ritchie favour instead of taxation?

A

retrenchment

60
Q

what is retrenchment?

A

reduction of costs during an economic difficulty

61
Q

what did Joseph Chamberlain campaign for?

A

extensive tax reform in 1903

62
Q

what would Chamberlain’s tax reforms entail?

A

protective duties to be levied on corn and manufactured goods imported from other countries outside of the Empire

63
Q

what did Chamberlain believe his tax reform would lead to?

A
  • it would raise money
  • strengthen the Empire
  • protect British industry
  • safeguard British job
  • pay for social reform
64
Q

what did opponents to Chamberlain’s reform claim would happen?

A
  • duties on corn would raise food prices
  • high duties would only protect inefficient British industry
65
Q

when did Balfour resign?

A

late 1905

66
Q

why did Balfour resign?

A

over the divide due to the proposed tax reform

67
Q

what happened during the 1906 election?

A

the Liberals won 400 seats which was a massive majority
the conservatives won only 157 which meant they were kicked out of power

68
Q

why did the Boer War not feature much in the 1906 election?

A

it was a Conservative failure so they didnt want to remind the public

69
Q

what showed that Imperial sentiment had decreased after the Boer War?

A
  • became more associated with capitalism and methods of barbarism
  • after 1902, it was only something the Conservative-Unionists backed —> lost power during the 1900s
  • Chamberlain’s methods to persuade the British people to back imperialism failed
70
Q

what showed that imperial sentiment had increased?

A
  • popular newspapers were still able to be imperialist
  • commercial industry still bombarded the public with imperialist imagery
  • many Britons emigrated to British colinies (Canada, Australia, SA) hence participating in imperialism (idea of Greater Britain’)
  • British patriotism was still very strong with patriotic leagues still influential
  • the youth were more exposed to imperialism both at home and at school (scouts stressed rewards of imperialism)
  • the youth were being prepared for jobs such as Colonial Administrators
71
Q

what was the Boer War’s immediate effect?

A

it diverted political attention and resources from social regions

72
Q

which movement encouraged social reform?

A

national efficiency movement

73
Q

how was there an inequality in wealth on Britain?

A

only 10% of the population owned 92% of Britain’s wealth
90% of the population fell below the income tax threshold of £160 a year

74
Q

what did Charles Booth’s research suggest about Britain?

A

1/3 of the Britain were living in poverty

75
Q

what was the infant mortality in 1900?

A

150 per 1000

76
Q

what contributed to the physical and moral decay of Britain?

A

mass urbanisation

77
Q

what was eugenics?

A

idea of selected breeding with the fit allowing to contribute to the next generation and the unfit being discouraged from breeding

78
Q

what was Social Darwinism?

A

idea that only the fittest nations and social systems could thrive and prosper

79
Q

how was social darwinism applied to Britain?

A

Brits believed that through imperialism and social reform, Britain could dominate the world

80
Q

what destroyed national complacency after the Boer War?

A

Britain needed 450,000 men to defeat 60,000 Boers which took them 32 months
DANGER

81
Q

what formed the national efficiency movement?

A

fear that the British Empire may be brough down due to incompetency and decadance
need for social reform against aristocracy

82
Q

what did the national efficiency movement want to do?

A
  • shame the existing elite into modernising
  • career system based on talent
  • ensure all children have a good education
  • modernise education to incorporate science and technology
83
Q

which groups did national efficiency appeal to?

A
  • socialists saw it as a way to social reform
  • liberals and conservatives welcomed it as it was a method of progression
84
Q

which battle did national efficiency focus on?

A

the battle between incompetence and competence

85
Q

which nation did national efficiency look to mimic but also prepare Britaij against?

A

Germany
a rising naval power which Britain must keep above as well as copy for progresssion

86
Q

what major reform did the Conservative-Unionist govt of 1900-05 introduce?

A

the 1902 Education Act
improved secondary education

87
Q

which reforms did the Liberal govt after 1905 introduce?

A

mother and infant clinics (1907)
old age pensions (1908)
National Insurance scheme (1911)

British Warfare (35 decks)

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