Memory

Question 1

memory process

Answer 1

• Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system.
• Storage is the retention of the encoded information.
• Retrieval, is getting the information out of memory and back into awareness.

Question 2

Encoding two types of processing

Answer 2

automatic processing : without conscious awarness (encoding of details like time, space, frequency…)
effortful processing: encoding of details that takes time and effort

Question 3

Types of encoding

Answer 3

semantic, visual and acoustic

Question 4

semantic encoding

Answer 4

encoding of words and their meanings

Question 5

visual encoding

Answer 5

encoding of images (words that create a mental image)

Question 6

acoustic encoding

Answer 6

encoding of sounds

Question 7

self-reference effect

Answer 7

tendency for an individual to have a better memory for information that relates to oneself in comprasion to material that has less personal relevance

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

Creation of permanent record of information (like a computer processes infromation)

Question 9

Three types of memory

Answer 9

sensory memory, short term memory, long-term memory

Question 10

Sensory register

Answer 10

It is a very brief memory that allows people to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased.

Question 11

Sensory memory

Answer 11

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Question 12

Short term memory

Answer 12

A limited-capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for brief periods, (grocery list, phone number) If it is not repeated: quickly forgotten from STM.

Question 13

Working memory

Answer 13

STM + mental processes/ briefly holds the information we need when we are thinking and solving problems /Working memory is the part of short-term memory that allows our brain to hold onto information for a brief period of time, while doing something else.

Question 14

memory consolidation

Answer 14

Transfer of STM to long-term memory.
One way memory consolidation can be achieved is through rehearsal.

Question 15

Rehearsal

Answer 15

the conscious repetition of information to be remembered

Question 16

Chunking

Answer 16

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks.

Question 17

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 17

technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory.

Question 18

Mnemonic devices

Answer 18

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding.

Question 19

Serial position effect

Answer 19

The tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list. (primary effect and recency effect)

Question 20

Long term memory

Answer 20

LTM is the memory system involving long-term storage of information. It can store limitless amounts of information.

Question 21

Two component of LTM

Answer 21

Explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)

Question 22

Explicit memory

Answer 22

memories of facts and events we can consciously remember and recall/declare

Question 23

Two types of explicit memory

Answer 23

semantic memory (knowledge about words, concepts and language) and episodic memory (information about events we have personally experienced

Question 24

implicit memory

Answer 24

memories that are not apart of our consciousness (form through behaviors)

Question 25

Two types of implicit memory

Answer 25

procedural (stores information about how to do things) / emotional conditionning

Question 26

eyewitness identification

Answer 26

is the leading cause of wrongful convictions

Question 27

Factor of eyewitness biases

Answer 27

Cross-race identification (we are better at recognizing faces from our own ‘race’).
The wording of questions,
Leading questions,
Suggestive comments (suggestibility- see next slide)
Eyewitness bias (e.g. hairstylist, will recognize hair of criminal)

Question 28

memory construction

Answer 28

formulation of new memories

Question 29

memory reconstruction

Answer 29

process of briging up old memories (When we retrieve memories, we tend to unintentionally alter and modify them, resulting in inaccuracies and distortions.)

Question 30

Suggestibility

Answer 30

is the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

Question 31

leading questions

Answer 31

questions asked using words chosen to lead the witness to answer as the questioner wishes

Question 32

Confabulation

Answer 32

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you. / Belief that you remember something when it never actually happened .

Question 33

flash bulb memory

Answer 33

a record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations/ can act as generational reference points/ Flashbulb memory formation may depend on cultural reference and personal investment

Question 34

Flash bulb memories characterization

Answer 34

by surprise, illumination, and seemingly photographic detail

Question 35

misisnformation effect paradigm

Answer 35

after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event.

Question 36

false memory syndrome

Answer 36

recall of false autobiographical memories

Question 37

Parts of the brain that are involved in memory

Answer 37

prefrontal cortex (remembering semantic facts, encoding (left), retriaval information(right)), amygdala (fear memories, emotional information, encoding memory), hippocampus (explicit memory, memory consolidation, recognition and spatial memory, connection between memories), cerebellum (processing procedural memories)

Question 38

amnesia

Answer 38

the loss of LTM that occurs as the result of isease, physical trauma or psychological trauma

Question 39

2 types of amnesia

Answer 39

anterograde amnesia (inability to remeber new information after point of trauma/Hippocampus is usually affected – causes inability to transfer information from STM to LTM.)
retrograde amnesia (loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred prior to the trauma.)