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james has a substandard trim > B3 infection and response > Flashcards

B3 infection and response Flashcards

1
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill

A

-move into cells and use its biochemistry to make copies of itself
-cells burst and release copies into the blood cells damaging and destroying cells

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2
Q

how does bacteria make you feel ill

A

-multiply quickly through binary fission
-produce toxins to damage cells

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3
Q

how do protists cause illness

A

-some are parasitic meaning they need a host to live causing damage

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4
Q

how do fungi cause illness

A

-single celled or have a body made of string like structure
-can produce spores

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5
Q

how can pathogens spread

A

-direct contact
-through water
-by air droplets

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6
Q

how could you reduce the spread of pathogens

A

-improve hygiene
-reduce contact
-remove vectors
-vaccination

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7
Q

what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of measles

A

-fever and red skin rash can lead to other infections
-spread through droplet infections
-vaccinations at a young age

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8
Q

what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of HIV

A

-flu like symptoms, attacks immune system leading to AIDS which’s is deadly
-sexual contact or blood
-use condoms, don’t share needles, anti viral drugs

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9
Q

what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of tobacco mosaic virus

A

-discolouration and no photosynthesis generation
-contact between diseased plants
-good hygiene and pest control

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10
Q

what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of salmonella

A

-fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
-bacteria in raw food
-poultry is vaccinated and make sure to cook food

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11
Q

what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of gonorrhoea

A

-thick yellow or green discharge
-sexually transmitted
-using contraception and antibiotics

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12
Q

what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of rose black spot

A

-purple and black spots reduce photosynthesis area
-spores of fungus spread in water
-stripping plants of infected leaves

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13
Q

what are the symptoms way its spread and way its prevented of malaria

A

-fevers and shaking
-through vectors that are mosquitos
-use insect nets and antimalarial drugs

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14
Q

what does skin do to protect the body against pathogens

A

-acts as a physical barrier
-produces anti-microbial secretion
-good microorganisms (skin flora) compete with space with bad ones

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15
Q

how does the nose protect the body from pathogens

A

has hairs and mucus which prevents particles from entering your body

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16
Q

how does the trachea and bronchi protect the body from pathogens

A

-secretes mucus to trap pathogens
-cilia waft mucus upwards so it can be swallowed

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17
Q

how does the stomach protect the body from pathogens

A

-produces hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens

18
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

the act of phagocytes engulfing pathogens destroying them

19
Q

what is a vaccination

A

a dead or inactive version of a cell that is inserted into someone for the white blood cells to understand how it works so that on an actual infection they can produce defences quicker

20
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of vaccinations

A

adv-eradicate diseases, epidemics can be prevented
disadv-they are not always effective in providing immunity, can have bad reactions in response

21
Q

what are antibiotics

A

medicines that kill bacteria

22
Q

what are some advantages and disadvantages of antibiotics

A

adv- they have saved lots of people from bacterial diseases
disadv- cant defend against virus, need to take the right one or it could be detrimental, bacteria can become immune

23
Q

how is bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics

A

-mutation can occur during reproduction resulting in antibiotics no longer killing bacteria
-resistant bacteria survive and reproduce making more
-this means antibiotics do not work

24
Q

how can we stop bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics

A

-stop overusing antibiotics as it exposes them unnecessarily
-finish courses of antibiotics to kill bacteria

25
Q

what originates from willows and foxgloves

A

pain killer, digitalis (treat heart disease)

26
Q

how was penicillin made

A

-Alexander Fleming was growing bacteria in a plate
-found mold on the plates with white circles implying there was no bacteria there
-mold was producing a substance called penicillium which killed the bacteria

27
Q

what is preclinical testing

A

using cells, tissues and live animals to test things on

28
Q

explain clinical testing

A

-first tested on healthy volunteers with a low dose
-tested on patients to find best dosage
-placebo test is done to effect new drug

29
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

identical antibodies that have been removed from the same immune cell, because of this they have the ability to bind to only one protein antigen

30
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies produced

A

-combining tumour cells with mice lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell that make antibodies but cannot survive) which forms a cell called a hybridoma
-the hybridoma can divide by itself creating antibodies
-antibodies are collected and purified

31
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

-two sections of the stick, first section has mobile antibodies that are attached to blue beads complimentary to the hCG hormone
-second section has stationary antibodies complimentary to the ones in the stick
-individual uranates on the stick and if hCG is present it binds to the mobile antibodies to form hCG/antibody complexes
-they are carried to the second section and they bond with the hCG/antibody complexes and as they bond they form the blue lines

32
Q

list way monoclonal antibodies are used in labs to measure and monitor

A

-can be used to measure and monitor levels of hormones and chemicals in the blood
-they are modified so they will bind to the molecule your looking for by binding to fluorescent dye that will show if molecules play

33
Q

how can monoclonal antibodies help to treat cancer

A

-produce antibodies that bind to the tumour markers stimulate the immune system to attack the cell
-they bind to receptor sites on the cell surface of the cancer cells
-use monoclonal antibodies to transport toxic drugs chemicals or radioactive substances as they can only bind to cancer cells

34
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

adv: only bind to specific cells so healthy cells are fine, can be engineered to treat many different condition, reduce chance of triggering immune response

disadv: difficult to do, expensive to develop, often triggered an immune response when used in humans

35
Q

what are common signs of plant disease

A

-stunted growth
-spots on leaves
-areas of decay
-abnormal growths
-malformed stems
-discolouration
-pests on leaves

36
Q

what is nitrate deficiency

A

an ion deficiency that can stunt growth due to nitrate in the soil convert sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins which are needed for growth

37
Q

what is magnesium deficiency

A

an ion deficiency that can cause chlorosis due to magnesium needed to make chlorophyll, this makes leaves yellow and prevents photosynthesis

38
Q

what are some physical defences of plants

A

-tough waxy cuticle stops entry into leaves
-cellulose cell walls form a physical barrier into the cells
-layers of dead cells like bark stops pathogens from entering

39
Q

what are some chemicals defences of plants

A

-poison detect herbivores form eating it
-antibacterial compounds kill bacteria

40
Q

what are some mechanical defences of plants

A

-thorns and hair
-droop or curve when touched
-mimicry

41
Q

what is mimicry

A

a mechanical defence for example drooping so animals don’t eat them or having patterns to scare away predators.

james has a substandard trim (22 decks)

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