Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 1

When does gastroesophageal reflux disease occur?

Answer 1

Occurs when lower esophageal sphincter fails to close adequately after food has entered the stomach.
- Stomach contents reflux back to esophagus (heartburn)

Question 2

What shape is the stomach?

Answer 2

The stomach is a j-shaped enlargement of the GI tract

Question 3

What are the functions of the stomach? (There are 4)

Answer 3

1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme
2. Serves as a reservoir for food before release into the small intestine
3. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCL, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase
4. Secretes gastrin into the blood

Question 4

Surface mucous secrete mucus.
cells and mucous
neck cells
(What are the activities?)

Answer 4

Secrete mucus
Absorption

Question 5

Surface mucous Secrete mucus.
cells and mucous
neck cells
(Activities and function)

Answer 5

The activtiy of secreting mucus- forms protective barrier that prevents digestion of stomach wall.
Surface mucous.

The actvitiy of absorption - small quantity of water, ions, short-chained fatty acids, and some drugs enter the bloodstream.

Question 6

Parietal cells activties

Answer 6

• Secrete intrinsinc factor
• Secrete HCL

Question 7

Parietal cells activities and results

Answer 7

Intrinsic factor is needed for- absorption of vitamin B12 (used in red blood cell formation, or
erythropoiesis).]

Hydrochloric acid is responsible for- Kills microbes in food; denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 8

What do chief cells secrete and what are the results?

Answer 8

• Secrete pepsinogen and gastic lipase

pepsinogen- pepsin(activated form) breaks down proteins into peptides

Gastric lipase- splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 9

What do G cells secrete and what is the result?

Answer 9

• Secrete gastrin
• stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and
  chief cells to secrete pepsinogen; contracts
  lower esophageal sphincter, increases
  motility of stomach, and relaxes pyloric
  sphincter.

Question 10

What is the activity of the Muscular layer and what is the result?

Answer 10

• Mixing waves(gentle peristaltic movements)
• breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juice to form chyme.
• Forces chyme though pyloric sphincter

Question 11

What is the activity and result of pyloric sphincter?

Answer 11

The activity is to open to permit passage of chyme into duodenum

Result- Regulates passage of chyme from
stomach to duodenum; prevents
backflow of chyme from duodenum to
stomach.

Question 12

Where does the pancreas lie?

Answer 12

• posterior to the stomach

Question 13

What does the pancreas produce and where does it empty out its contents?

Answer 13

• • Produces enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic
    acids
• Produces sodium bicarbonate which buffers
  stomach acid
• Empties its contents into the duodenum