Ch 19 Skeletal System Flashcards
Diaphysis
Cylindrical shaft of the long bone
Nutrient foramen (foramina, plural)
An opening in a bone that gives passage to blood vessels
Where are blood cells produced and what is the blood production process called?
Red marrow of bones ; hematopoiesis
Sesamoid bones
Bonus: where are they usually found
Round, usually small, bones embedded in tendons
Bonus: usually found in knee (patella), hands and feet
Arthrosis
Another word for joint
Osteoclasts
Bone destroying cells that help dissolve bone and its minerals, especially calcium and phosphate
Joint capsule
Double layered joint “sleeve” structure with a rich blood supply; outer layer of capsule is fibrous, and inner layer of capsule is lined with synovial membranes that secrete synovial fluid
Ligaments
Unite articulating bones, which strengthens the joint
Connect bone to bone
Articulate cartilage and it’s purpose
Bonus: what type of cartilage is present here?
Covers the articulating surfaces of the bone (or the epiphyses) to decrease friction during movement and increase shock absorption
Bonus: hyaline
Labrum
A ring of fibrocartilage around the edge of the articular cartilage to increase its surface area
Epiphyses
Two end of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate
Aka growth plate, is hyaline cartilage found near the ends of growing bone, allowing them to increase in length
Menisci
Fibrocartilage disks located in select joints, such as knees and jaw; helps joint to move smoothly and serves as a shock absorber
Fat pad
Structures that protect articular cartilage and act as packaging material to fill spaces that occur as the joint cavity changes shape during movement
Bursae
Flattened, saclike structures located between ligaments and bones within joints; contain synovial fluid; bursae provide cushion that prevent muscle tendons from rubbing against bones during contraction
Synovial Sheaths
Elongated bursae that surround long tendons located in forearms, legs, wrists, ankles, hands, and feet; these tubular structures are lined with synovial membranes to increase their gliding capacity
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells that fill small cavities left by osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell
Periosteum
Dense, fibers sheath surrounding diaphysis and is noticeably absent on epiphyses; periosteum is bone’s life support system, containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteoblast for growth and fracture healing
Interosseous membrane or interosseous ligament
Bonus: what two main places is this structure found?
Provides additional muscle attachment sides and divides muscles into compartments; extensions of the periosteum
Bonus: forearms and legs
Adduction vs abduction
Adduction - Movement toward the midline of the body
Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body
Horizontal adduction
Shoulder or hip moves the extremity toward the midline in the horizontal plane
Opposition vs reposition
Opposition - Adduction of the thumb moves in toward the other fingers or in contact with the pad of any finger on the same hand
Reposition - returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger
Ulnar deviation vs radial deviation
Ulnar - (aka wrist adduction) occurs as the hand moves toward the midline of the body in anatomical position
Radial - (aka wrist abduction) occurs as the hand moves away from the midline of the body in anatomical position
Appendicular skeleton bones
Bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdle’s and bones of the upper and lower extremities; 126 named bones in appendicular skeleton
Shoulder girdle bones
Four bones in the shoulder pectoral girdle: two scapula and two clavicles
Upper extremity bones
60 Bones in total: 2 humeri, 2 ulni, 2 radii, 16 carpals, 10 metacarpals, 28 phalanges
Which part of the appendicular skeleton contain sesamoid bones?
Hands and feet
Pelvic Girdle bones
2 ilium bones, 2 ischium bones, and 2 pubic bones
Lower extremity bones
Two femurs, two patellae, two tibias, two fibulas, 14 tarsals, 10 metatarsals, and 28 phalanges