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massage therapy > Endocrine & Reproductive System > Flashcards

Endocrine & Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system vs endocrine system and there similarities

A

Nervous - uses nerve impulses and chemical messengers called neurotransmitters

Endocrine - uses several mechanisms involving chemical messengers called hormones

Functions of both - communication, coordination and control systems of the body

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Made by endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and exert their action on TARGET CELL

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3
Q

True or false: endocrine responses are FASTER, and hormonal effects are more LOCALIZED compared with the nervous system

A

False: slower; widespread

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4
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones?

A

Directly into bloodstream or tissues; don’t posses ducts and are called DUCTLESS GLANDS

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5
Q

Where do Exocrine glands secrete their products? What are some types of glands fall under exocrine?

A

Into ducts that open to body cavities, the center of a hollow organ, or onto the surface of the body

Sudoriferous, sebaceous, and salivary

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6
Q

Functions of the endocrine system

A

1) hormone production and secretion
2) regulation of metabolism - some hormones regulate growth, development, nutrient absorption, and energy metabolism; some hormones regulate the metabolic activity of other glands and organs
3) stress adaptation - some hormones help the body respond or adapt to stress during period of infection, trauma, dehydration, and anxiety
4) chemical composition and fluid volume regulation - hormones regulate body fluid balance and electrolytes balance
5) reproductive process regulation - some hormones regulate the reproductive process, including gamete production, fertilization, pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation

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7
Q

Target cell

A

Posses receptors for corresponding hormone; when hormones come into contact with receptors sites on their target cells, they fit like puzzle pieces

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8
Q

Negative feedback system

A

Information about the hormone or the effects of that hormone are fed back to the gland that secretes the hormone

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9
Q

Negative feedback

A

Aka balancing feedback, Response of an endocrine gland to a stimulus that moves hormones levels in the opposite, or negative, direction

This movement brings hormone levels toward homeostasis

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10
Q

Biorhythm

A

Mechanisms that control plasma levels of some hormones; rhythmic alteration in a hormones rate of secretion

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11
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24 hour rhythm; pattern repeats every 24 hours

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12
Q

Cortisol secretion

A

Highest in the morning hours (peak at around 8am) and lowest in the evening hours (lowest at midnight)

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13
Q

What are two ways your CNS help control the secretion of hormones?

A

1) activation of hypothalamus
2) stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

Neural regulation

A

Hormone release stimulated by nerve impulses

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15
Q

Hormone regulation

A

Involves hormone release from one
Endocrine gland regulating the hormone release from another endocrine gland

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16
Q

What are hormones that stimulate the activity of other endocrine glands called? (Hint: most anterior pituitary hormones are this type)

A

Tropic hormones

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Located in the diencephalon of the brain and secrets hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary hormones; also regulated autonomic nervous system, providing a link between the endocrine and nervous system;

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18
Q

What is considered the master gland?

A

Pituitary glands (aka hypophysis) bc it controls or affects many other endocrine glands

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19
Q

Two main ways the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland

A

1) secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by the hypothalamus (hypothalamus secretes hormone called releasing hormones and releasing-imbibing hormones)
2) secretion of anti diuretic hormones, or ADH, and oxytocin

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20
Q

What are the parts of the pituitary gland?

A

can be divided into 2 or 3 parts, depending on if you count the middle lobe
- Anterior pituitary gland (or adenohypophysis)
- Posterior pituitary gland (or neurohypophysis)

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21
Q

Infundibulum

A

a short, slender stalk where the pituitary is attached to the undersurface of the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What is the role of Tropic Hormones? where do they secrete from? Name some examples

A
  • aimed at and control other glands
  • from the adenohypophysis

Examples
- thyroTROPIN
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticoTROPIC
- gonadoTROPIC Hormone
- luteinizing hormone (LH)

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23
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

CHEMICALS produced in the pituitary gland and can REDUCE or ELIMINATE PAIN and produce feelings of HAPPINESS or EUPHORIA

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24
Q

What 3 hormones are concerned with regulating SALT and WATER RETENTION and EXCRETION?

A

aldosterone, atrial natriuretic hormone/peptide, vasopressin (ADH)

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25
Q

What is produced by the THYROID GLAND and is responsible for regulating metabolism? (hint: IODINE is needed for the thyroid to produce this)

A

T3 & T4

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26
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone help regulate?

A

INCREASES blood calcium levels and is secreted by the PARATHYROID GLAND; releases calcium from BONE TISSUE by stimulating OSTEOCLASTIC (bone-breakdown) activity

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27
Q

What is Calcitonin good for?

A

DECREASES blood calcium levels and is secreted by the THYROID GLAND; it stimulates OSTEOBLASTIC (bone-making) activity

hack: “calci” = calcium, “ton” = alot, “in” = like into
{alot of calcium into the bone}

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28
Q

Parts of the adrenal gland

A
  • cortex: the outer part
  • medula: the inner part

hack: outer part of any organ = cortex while inner part = medula

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29
Q

Parts of the adrenal gland

A
  • cortex: the outer part
  • medula: the inner part

hack: outer part of any organ = cortex while inner part = medula

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30
Q

Pineal Gland: shape, location, common nickname, and secretion

A
  • cone-shaped gland
  • located near the thalamus in the brain
  • nicknamed “biological clock” bc it controls many BIORHYTHMS
  • secretes melatonin
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31
Q

What allows a hormone/chemical to BIND and EXERT its INFLUENCE on the structure and where is it located?

A

a BINDING SITE on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, or on the nucleus of the target tissue; each hormone binds to a SPECIFIC TISSUE, called its TARGET TISSUE/TARGET ORGAN

Hack: lock and key effect (hormone, the key, has to fit exactly into the receptor, the lock)

32
Q

What kind of hormone does the heart secrete?

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone (factor or peptide)

33
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Hormones that are produced by many TISSUES and they generally act on NEARBY CELLS; medications such as asprin and ibuprofen manage pain and inflammation partly because they BLOCK PROSTAGLANDIN

34
Q

Reproductive System contains what?

A

the male and female reproductive organs and glands, sex cells, and fluids needed for sexual reproduction

35
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

process by which male sex cells and female sex cells unite!!!

36
Q

edit: Primary organs are called ____ and they produce ___ and ____ called ____

A

gonads, male, female sex cells, gametes

37
Q

Gonads vs Gametes

A

Gonads - primary reproductive organs and they include the TESTES in MALES and OVARIES in FEMALES

Gametes - sex cells and they include the SPERMATOZOON in MALES and OOCYTE in FEMALES

38
Q

Accessory Organs and Glands

A
  • males: penis, prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vescile
  • females: uterus, bartholin glands, breasts
39
Q

Male reproductive system consists of…?

A

Testes, a duct system, the external genitalia (like the scrotum and the penis, to facilitate this process)

40
Q

Testes (Testicles)

A

paired oval glands that produce sperm and hormones, they are located within the scrotum

41
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Tubules within the testes that produce sperm

42
Q

Which hormone does the anterior pituitary release to stimulate sperm production

A

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

43
Q

Testosterone

A

facilitates the development of male sex organs and secondary male sex characteristics occuring during puberty; maintains these characteristics throughtout life

44
Q

Spermatic Duct

A

Transports sperm cells and seminal fluid out of the body during ejaculation

45
Q

Semen

A

mixture of sperm and seminal fluid produced by male accessory glands

46
Q

epididymis

A

tightly coiled coma-shaped tube system where immature sperm cells enter after they leave the testicles; sperm stay in the epididymis for 2 to 3 MONTHS while they MATURE and beome able to SWIM to help FERTILIZE an OVUM

47
Q

Vas Deferns (ductus deferens)

A

The section of the spermatic duct where mature sperm enter; it joins the ejaculatory duct (a short tube passing through the prostate and connecting to the urethra)

48
Q

Urethra

Bonus: the urethra is part of which two systems in males?

A

tube located BELOW the BLADDER and transports BOTH SEMEN and URINE in males

Bonus: reproductive and urinary

49
Q

Scrotum

A

divided ouch containing the TESTES; the scrotal sac is made of thin, loose, wrinkled skin hanging behind the penis; the primary function of the scrotum is temperature regulation to facilitate sperm production and survival

50
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A

a muscle that draws the testes closer to or away from the body to help regulate their temperature

51
Q

Female reproductive system

A

consists of the ovaries and a duct system to transport sex cells from the ovaries to the uterus

52
Q

Ovaries

A

paired almond-shaped glands that produce oocytes, or eggs and hormones; they are located in the abdominopelvic cavity and connected to the lateral surface of the uterus by the ovarian ligament

53
Q

Female reproductive hormones

A

includes estrogens, along with FSH and LH produced by the anterior pituitary, facilitate the sequence of events during the menstral cycle

54
Q

Progesterone

A

maintains the uterine lining for implantation and pregnancy

55
Q

Estrogens

A

are also responsible for the development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics occurring during puberty, then maintains these characteristics throughout life

56
Q

Oocytes

A

female sex cells that carry genetic information from the female who produced them; located within fluid - filled sacs called ovarian (graafian) follices

57
Q

Ovulation

A

the release of the mature oocyte from the ovarian follicle

58
Q

Ovum

A

the released mature oocyte which travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus; if fertilized by a sperm, it implants in the uterine lining. if fertilization doesn’t occur, the ovum is flushed out during menses

59
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A

paired passageways for ova to travel from the ovaries toward the uterus; they are the site of fertilization between an ovum and male sperm

60
Q

Uterus and its 3 walls

A

hollow pear shaped organ that receives the fertilization ovum; it allows the embryo to grow and develop into a fetus during pregnancy

1) endometrium: inner lining of the uterus whish is shed each month during menstruation
2) myometrium: middle muscular layer of the uterus
3) perimetrium: outer layer of the uterus (uterine wall)

61
Q

Breasts

A

two soft protruding organs in the upper chest wall of the female body that contain mammary glands; breasts lie over the pectoralis major muscle; the outer portion of the breast is mostly adipose tissue

62
Q

Mammary Glands

bonus: what is the milk production process called that is under hormonal control?

A

produce and secrete milk for a sucking baby following childbirth

bonus: lactation

63
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

a series of hormonal events that begin at menarche during puberty, occurs “approx” every 28 days, and end at menopause (also called the reproductive or fertility cycle); periodic discharge (aka menus or menstraul fluid) of the endometrial lining from the nonpregnant uterus

64
Q

first phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase: begins with menstruation and lasts until “approx” day 13

65
Q

the first phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase: begins with menstruation and lasts until “approx” day 13

66
Q

second phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation: occurs about day 14 in a 28 day cycle; surge of LH causes release of a mature oocyte from an ovarian follicle, now called an ovum; the ovum travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus,. the collapsed follicle develops into the corpus luteum

67
Q

Fertilzation

A

the penetration of the ovum by sperm, resulting zygote; this process can occur within approx 24 hours after ovulation

68
Q

X and Y chromosomes

A

the designations for sex (gender) chromes
- XX means female
- XY means male
ovum conatins ONE X (female) chromosome, sperm contains either an X or Y chrome. Therefor, the male determines the sex of the offspring

69
Q

Pregnancy

A

(aka gestation) sequence of events that includes implantation, embryonic development, and fetal growth and ends in birth; it is approx 10 lunar months (40 weeks, 9 calender months or 266 days); divided into trimesters (roughly 13 weeks each)

70
Q

Fetus

A

embryo after about 8 weeks of e\development; fetus is contained within the fluid-filled amniotic cavity and is joined to the placenta by the umbilical cord

71
Q

Placenta

A

flattened organ located in the pregnant uterus that nourishes the developing fetus; it nourishes the developing fetus by exchanging nutrients and wastes between the fetus’s and mother’s blood

72
Q

The act of giving birth is called___

A

childbirth or parturition

73
Q

The process during normal childbirth in which the uterus contracts forcefully is called ___

A

labor, which begins after the fetus reaches a gestational age of approx 40 weeks

74
Q

Cesarean (C) section

A

surgical procedure that removes the fetus through the abdominal wall

75
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

a cluster of symptoms that occur 3 to 14 days before menstruation and are relieved by its onset

76
Q

Menstrual cramps

A

aka dysmenorrhea, most frequent gynecologic problem, occuring occasionally in almost ALL menstrating women

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