Antimicrobial Treatment

Question 1

What are antimetabolites? Name some examples.

Answer 1

Growth factor analogs where the Drug is mistaken for coenzymes, amino acid or nucleotide
Ex: parafluorophenylalanine and phenylalanine
5-fluorouracil and uracil
5-bromouracil and thymine
azidothymidine and thymine

Question 2

What are antibiotics? Name some typical antibiotic producers and some examples for them.

Answer 2

They are organic compound produced by one microorganism that at great dilution inhibits the growth or kills another microorganism
- Typical antibiotic producers:
Bacteria: Norcardia sp., Streptomyces sp., Actinomyces sp., Bacillus sp., and Micromonospora sp.
Fungi: Penicillum sp., Cephalosporium sp., and Aspergillus sp.

Question 3

Describe penicillins

Answer 3

Discovered by Alexander Fleming; they Block crosslinking of peptidoglycan
of cell wall and Active against Gram positive and some Gram negative bacteria; Can cause anaphylaxis and can be inactivated by penicillinase
Thousands of derivatives: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin

Question 4

What are Cephalosporins?

Answer 4

Similar to penicillins in structure by also blocking cross linking of the peptidoglycan of the cell wall; Active against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria; Does not cause allergic reaction in people that are allergic to penicillin and is Resistant to penicillinase
Derivatives: Keflex, Keflin

Question 5

What are Carbapenems?

Answer 5

They are Similar to penicillins in structure and also Blocks cross linking of the peptidoglycan of the cell wall; More brad spectrum than Cephalosporin; Reserved for suspected MDR
Examples: Doripenem, Meropenem

Question 6

Describe Aminoglycosides

Answer 6

An Amino group bonded to carbohydrates that Affects protein synthesis and Binds to bacterial ribosome; Active against mainly Gram negative bacteria and Mycobacterium
Examples: Streptomycin, Neomycin,Tobramycin, Kanamycin, Gentamycin

Question 7

What is Chloramphenicol?

Answer 7

It Affects protein synthesis and Binds to bacterial ribosome’s 50S subunit; Active against Gram positive, Gram negative, rickettsia, fungi, and people

Question 8

Describe Tetracyclines

Answer 8

They Affects protein synthesis and Binds to bacterial ribosome; are Active against Gram positive, Gram negative, rickettsia, and chlamydia
Examples: Aureomycin, Achromycin

Question 9

What are Macrolides?

Answer 9

They Affects protein synthesis and Binds to bacterial ribosome; are Active against Gram positive and some Gram negative bacteria
Examples: Erythromycin

Question 10

What are Quinolones?

Answer 10

They Affect DNA gyrase and Prevents supercoiling of DNA; Active against Gram positive and Gram negative
Examples: Ciprofloxacin