chapter 8 Flashcards
Drive for independence from parents expands the social world.
Self-concept
Ideas about self that include intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background
-opinions about oneself gradually become more specific and logical
Social comparison
Social comparison
-Comparing one’s attributes to those of other people
–Helps children value themselves and abandon the imaginary, rosy self-evaluation of preschoolers.
–Self-criticism and self-consciousness rise from ages 6 to 11
–Materialism increases
Industry versus inferiority
-eriksons fourth psycholocosocial crisis-> child must forget past hope and wishes, while his exuberant imagination is tamed.
-winners or losers, competent or incompetent, productive or useless.
Children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.
Resilience and Stress
Resilience
-Capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress
Important components
-Resilience is dynamic.
-Resilience is a positive adaptation to stress.
-Adversity must be significant.
-resilience is not a trait, but a reaction to significant adversity
dynamic-not a stable trait. a given person may be resilient at some periods but not others. ex: parental rejection-> leads a child to a closer relationship with another adult, that is a positive resilience, not passive endurance.
adjustment-erosion model->
adjustment-erosion model-> suggests that emotional problems at age 6 affect later academic problems
Factors contributing to resilience
Factors contributing to resilience
-Child’s interpretation of events-is crucial. cortisol increases in low-income children if they interpret events connected to their family’s status as a personal threat
-Support of family and community
-Personal strengths such as creativity and intelligence
-Avoidance of parentification-when children feel responsible for entire family, acting as caregivers of everyone
Family structure:
Family structure: The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and so on.
SNAF
standard North American family- 2 parents, at least 1 child, no relatives.
Families and Children Remember!
Remember!
- parents are not the only influence however, Recent findings reassert parent power,
-Children raised in the same households by the same parents do not necessarily share the same home environment.
-Changes in the family affect every family member differently, depending on age and/or gender.
-Most parents respond to each of their children differently.
Family function:
Children need families to:
Family function: The way a family works to meet the needs of its members.
Children need families to:
1. provide basic material necessities-physical necessities
2. encourage learning
3. help them develop self-respect
4. nurture friendships-peer relationship
5. foster harmony and stability
Family Function and Family Structure
Children in middle childhood prefer
-upsetting changes include
Children in middle childhood prefer continuity
-Upsetting changes include moving to a new home, being sent to a new school, and changes in the family structure
-Adults might not realize that these transitions affect schoolchildren
cohabitation
parents who live together without marrying, has benefits for adults not necessarily the children.
structure affects
function but does not determine it
Friendship and Social Acceptance
-School-age children value personal friendship more than peer acceptance.
-Gender differences
-Girls talk more and share secrets.
-Boys play more active games.
-Friendships lead to psychosocial growth and provide a buffer against psychopathology.
children culture
customer, rules, rituals passed down to younger children from slightly older ones
-cultures are social constructs
