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psychology 202 > development > Flashcards

development Flashcards

1
Q

of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which has to do with genetics and environmental influences?

A

nature vs. nurture

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2
Q

of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which asks “are changes gradual or abrupt”?

A

continuity vs discontinuity

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3
Q

of the 3 theoretical perspectives, which asks “are developmental patterns universal or culture-specific?

A

universal vs. ecological

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4
Q

who is jean piaget?

A

was very instrumental in developmental psychology

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5
Q

what are the 3 piagetian concepts discussed in lecture?

A

-schema
-assimilation
-accommodation

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6
Q

what is schema?

A

-structured cluster of concepts about how the world works
-mental framework that is created as children interact w/their physical and social environments

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7
Q

what is assimilation?

A

-incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise schema

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8
Q

what is accommodation?

A

-incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema

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9
Q

what are piagets stages of cognitive development?

A

-sensorimotor
-preoperational
-concrete operational
-formal operational

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10
Q

when/what occurs in the sensorimotor stage?

A

-birth -2 years
-interaction with enviornment
-more focus on here and now
-cognitive milestone: object permanence (moves child to preoperational stage)

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11
Q

when/what occurs in the preoperational stage?

A
  • 2-6 years
    -no internal mental operations/manipulations
    -egocentrism: cannot understand that others have different points of view
    -failure to pass conservation tasks
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12
Q

when/what occurs in the concrete operational stage?

A
  • 6-12 years
    -internal mental operations/manipulations, but concrete (not abstract)
    -hands-on learning best
    -cognitive milestone: conservation (moves child from preoperational to concrete)
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13
Q

when/what occurs in the formal operational stage?

A
  • 12+ years
    -abstract concepts
    -problem solving that can go beyond trial and error
    “what if” problems
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14
Q

what are some criticisms of piaget’s theory?

A

-reduced focus on individual differences
-abrupt stages vs. gradual and continuous
-mechanisms for moving to a new stage? (like how did he get these milestones)

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15
Q

what is theory of mind (TOM)?

A

-extends piaget’s concept of egocentrism
-can child understand another person’s POV?
-emerges at ~3-4 yrs (before end of piaget’s preoperational stage)
- test for TOM: false belief test

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16
Q

what is temperament?

A

-individual differences in patterns of mood, activity, and emotional responsiveness
-predictive of adult personality

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17
Q

what is attachment?

A

-connection between infant and parent
-more focus on infant with mother

18
Q

what are the 4 main types of attachment patterns?

A

-secure
-avoidant
-anxious-ambivalent
-disorganized

19
Q

what idea did harlow demonstrate w/her studies with monkeys?

A

-the importance of comfort
-study:
~ baby monkeys preferred comfort than getting food
~thinking of caregiver as ‘secure base’

20
Q

what is reactive attachment disorder?

A

-can occur w/children from orphanages
-institutionalization and neglect during critical period for attachment (birth-5 years)
-early vs. later environmental influences

21
Q

T/F: attachment patterns interact with parenting styles to influence social and emotional development?

A

True

22
Q

what are the 2 dimensions for parenting styles?

A

behvaioral regulation: as a parent how much control do i exert over my children?
parental support: how much support do i give my child?

23
Q

what are the 4 types of parenting styles? and briefly describe them.

A

-authoritarian: high in behavioral control, low in support (all about rules; very strict)
-uninvolved: low parental support, low parental control (very open; do whatever you want)
-permissive: high support, low parental control (not very rule based, but very supportive at the same time)
-authoritative: high parental control, high support (gives rules but still supportive)

24
Q

for mischel: delay of gratification (how do kids develop impulse control), how did they test for impulse control?

A

-marshmallow test
-Adult place a marshmallow on table. Adult leaves and says don’t touch marshmallow, i will be back with another where then if you wait you get both

25
Q

what are the biological factors of gender roles?

A

-sex-typed toy preferences at 12-18 months
-toy choice in vervet monkeys
-“rough and tumble” play in animals and humans

26
Q

what are social factors of gender roles?

A

-influence of parents
-social learning theory(Bem): useful categorization system
~a parents view if its a boy or girl toy can impact the way they treat their child

27
Q

who was Hohlberg and what did he study?

A

-a student of piaget’s
-looked into the use of moral dilemmas

28
Q

what are the 3 Kohlberg’s stages? and what do they mean?

A

-preconventional: kids will do what doesn’t get them into trouble
-conventional: 5-6ish to teenager ; maintaining social order
-postconventional: teens to adulthood; think in the bigger picture

29
Q

what are some criticisms of kohlbergs’ theory?

A

-emphasizes justice to the exclusion of other values (like caring)
-original studies used only male participants (1/2 of pop.)
-some researchers argue that many people never reach postconventional stage

30
Q

what are some brain changes that occur in adolescence development?

A
  • growth of white matter, myelination
    -amygdala fully developed
    -frontal cortex continues to develop into early 20s
    -synaptic pruning: brain taking away connections that aren’t needed
31
Q

adolescents are likely to ?

A
  • act on impulse
    -misread or misinterpret social cues and emotions
    -get into accidents of all kinds
    get involved in fights
    engage in dangerous or risky behavior
32
Q

why do teens engage in risky behavior if they don’t have difficulties judging what is risky?

A

-teens are more likely to believe that they are immune from consequences of risky behavior
-link to brain development

33
Q

why are adults better at identifying expressed emotions than teens?

A

-differences in amygdala vs. frontal lobe activity
-no differences in amygdala
-more frontal lobe activity in adults than teens –> more logical reasoning

34
Q

what did Erikson study?

A

psychosocial development
-stages throughout lifespan
-“crisis” at each stage leads to positive vs. negative outcome and directs how personality and adult behavior will be

35
Q

what crisis occurs from infant -18 months?

A

-trust vs. mistrust
-infants need their basic needs met; child is interacting with caregiver if its a good experience they will develop trust, if not, child may have trust issues

36
Q

what crisis occurs from 18 months-3 years?

A

-autonomy vs. shame and doubt
-kids learn the basics of caring for themselves; kids begin to form a sense of self reliance, if successful they develop a sense of autonomy, if not, child may feel shame and doubt

37
Q

what crisis occurs from 3 years - 5 years?

A

-initiative vs. guilt
-developing a sense of initiative if things are going well, if not they may feel guilty

38
Q

what crisis occurs from 5-13 years?

A

-industry vs. inferiority
-being able to do tasks and succeed at them; developing self-confidence

39
Q

what crisis occurs from 13-21 years?

A

-identity vs. role confusion
-forming a sense of self (“who am i”); if going well they develop a good sense of identity, if not they may have role confusion (“i dont know who i am’)

40
Q

what crisis occurs from 21-39 years?

A

-intimacy vs. isolation
-developing a sense of intimacy w/partner; if not theres a feeling of isolation

41
Q

what crisis occurs from 40-65 years?

A
  • generativity vs. stagnation
    -prime working age, finding meaninfulness in your life (generativity)
    -stagnation is feeling stuck
42
Q

what crisis occurs from 65 and older?

A

-ego integrity vs. despair
-looking back at life, did i do something important, did i contribute? if yes it is ego integrity if not they may feel despair

psychology 202 (7 decks)

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