Lecture quiz 4/12/23 (wednesday)

Question 1

What are fats?

Answer 1

• fats ( glycerides) are a subclass of LIPIDS
  = compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (ether)

Question 2

What are the several subclasses of lipids?

Answer 2

• glycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, etc.

Question 3

What class has the greatest significance in nutrition?

Answer 3

Lipids

Lipid class of greatest significance in nutrition (for us) are the glycerides including mostly triglycerides, but also some diglycerides and monoglycerides

Question 4

Do all glycerides have a glycerol backbone?

Answer 4

yes
mono - 1 fatty acid
di - 2 fatty acids
tri - 3 fatty acids that are attached (triglycerides)

Question 5

what is the more formally names version of glycerides?

Answer 5

acyglycerols

Question 6

What does R stand for?

Answer 6

fatty acid

Question 7

what is the nature of fat?

Answer 7

it depends on what fatty acids are connected to the glycerol molecule

Question 8

What are fats composed of?

Answer 8

CHO but little oxygen in relation to carbon and hydrogen
- they are highly digestible

Question 9

how much more energy does fat yield compared to carbohydrates and protein?

Answer 9

2.25 times more

Question 10

what are saturated fats?

Answer 10

no double bond

Question 11

what are unsaturated fattss?

Answer 11

double bonds

Question 12

What are the building blocks of fat?

Answer 12

fatty acids

Question 13

what are VFAs?

Answer 13

VFA - volatile fatty acids = produced from microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen and hindgut fermentation

• Acetic acid = 2 carbons - CH3COOH
• Propionic acid = 3 carbons - CH3CH2COOH
• Butyric acid = 4 carbons - CH3CH2CH2COOH

Question 14

What are the short-chain fatty acids?

Answer 14

acetic
propionic
butyric

Question 15

What are the long-chain saturated fatty acids?

Answer 15

palmitic acid- 16 carbons = 16:0
stearic acid - 18 carbons = 18:0

Question 16

what is an example of a long-chained unsaturated fatty acid that is not essential?

Answer 16

Oleic Acid (18:1)
- found in olive oil, animal fat, wagyu

Question 17

what are examples of essential long-chained unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 17

• Linoleic acid - 18 carbon 2 double bonds (18:2)
• Linolenic - 18 carbon 3 double bonds (18:3)
• Arachidonic acid - 20 carbons 4 double bonds ( Essential only for cats) = 20:4

Question 18

Where can we find glucose in freeform?

Answer 18

can be found in foodstuff
- fruits
- refined carbohydrates = corn syrup
honey

Question 19

What do we mean by the major end product of CHO digestion for non-ruminants?

Answer 19

non ruminants (humans or omnivores)
- swine and poultry (monogastric) = final end product glucose = the main form of carbs is starch from grains and tiny fiber + some sucrose ++ main energy source GLUCOSE

Ruminants and hindgut fermentors = VFA (acetic, propionic and butyric acids) (MAIN ENERGY SOURCE) by microbes== NOT GLUCOSE

Question 20

Since mammalian and avian enzymes cannot break beta bonds there is an exception. What is the exception in disaccharides?

Answer 20

Lactose = galactose and glucose (ß1,4 glycosidic linkage)

Question 21

What is the main source of carbohydrates in swine and poultry?

Answer 21

CHO in grains in swine and poultry are mainly from starch but they also consume fiber

Question 22

What is the main source of carbohydrates in hindgut fermentors and ruminants

Answer 22

• CHO in forages
• mainly in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose
• they can consume some grains (starch) when they need to get chunky to reach nutrient requirements

cattle to grow fast - give grains to get marbled fat and more energy + high carcass value

digestibility of starch is higher than fiber

Question 23

non structural vs structural CHO

Answer 23

cell wall fraction (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin)
hemicellulose and cellulose = structural CHO

Non structural CARBS
starch = from seeds not part of the cell wall + inside the cells + sugars too
Sugars - mono and di

Question 24

What will happen if you give too much starch to horses

Answer 24

too much in horses = colic and laminitis
- high blood glucose = increase resistance
- mess up the hind gut and lower pH -

feed is always check for nonstructural carbs even in forages

ALWAYS WATCH FOR THE NON STRUCTURAL CARBS

Question 25

Why do we need to watch out for giving too much starch to ruminants

Answer 25

RUMINANTS = ACIDOSIS

Question 26

why give nonstructural to non ruminants

Answer 26

• cannot use fiber

Question 27

Classification of human nutrition?

Answer 27

simple carbs = (MONO and DI) sucrose = table sugars
- found in juices, cookies, candy.. etc
- added sugars mean - lots of table sugars or corn syrup
- highly digestible = bump up blood glucose fast = type 2 diabetes!!!
complex carbs
- polysaccharides = starch and fiber
- found in veggies/greens, whole grains, potatoes … etc
starch = can digest but not as fast = preferred over simple carbs
fiber = acts as fillers and cant digests but it is food for the microbiome which keeps us healthy + prevents colon cancer

Question 28

Classification of human nutrition?

Answer 28

simple carbs = (MONO and DI) sucrose = table sugars
- found in juices, cookies, candy.. etc
- added sugars mean - lots of table sugars or corn syrup
- highly digestible = bump up blood glucose fast = type 2 diabetes!!!
complex carbs
- polysaccharides = starch and fiber
- found in veggies/greens, whole grains, potatoes … etc
starch = can digest but not as fast = preferred over simple carbs
fiber = acts as filler and cant be digests but it is food for the microbiome which keeps us healthy + prevents colon cancer