Chapter 6 7 & 8

Question 1

uses sample data to answer questions about the population

Answer 1

Inferential statistics

Question 2

are built around the concept of probability

Answer 2

Inferential procedures

Question 3

• defines the relationships between samples and populations
• is the likelihood of an event happening.
  -We calculate it by dividing the number of ways the event can happen by the total number of possible outcomes.

Answer 3

Probability

Question 4

to begin with a sample and answer a general question about the population

Answer 4

The goal of inferential statistics

Question 5

The first stage to accomplish the goal of inferential statistics.

Answer 5

involves developing probability as a bridge from populations to samples

Question 6

The second stage to accomplish the goal of inferential statistics.

Answer 6

involves reversing the probability rules to allow moving from samples to populations

Question 7

requires outcomes obtained through random sampling

Answer 7

Probability

Question 8

requires each individual to have an equal chance of selection

Answer 8

Simple Random Sample

Question 9

-is necessary when selecting multiple individuals, with probabilities staying constant between selections
- is assumed to be used in statistical applications, also known as Random Sampling

Answer 9

Independent Random Sampling

Question 10

Two Requirements for random sampling

Answer 10

• First requirement ensures no bias in selection process and prohibits application of probability definition in situations where outcomes are not equally likely

• Second requirement demands sampling with replacement to keep probabilities constant between selections

Question 11

is the basis for many statistics, but other definitions and sampling techniques also exist.

Answer 11

Random sampling with replacement

Question 12

concerns a population of scores displayed in a frequency distribution graph.

Answer 12

Probability

Question 13

represents the entire population, and different proportions represent different proportions of the population.

Answer 13

The graph

Question 14

T or F
Probabilities and proportions are equivalent.Thus, it is possible to represent probabilities as proportions of the graph.

Answer 14

true

Question 15

is a symmetrical bell-shaped curve with the highest frequency in the middle and frequencies tapering off towards both extremes.

Answer 15

The normal distribution

Question 16

Statisticians use these to identify sections of a normal distribution, with each section representing a proportion of the population.

Answer 16

Z-scores

Question 17

is a good model for many naturally occurring distributions and is guaranteed in some circumstances.

Answer 17

The normal Distribution

Question 18

questions about a normal distribution can be answered by using known proportions and information about the population mean and standard deviation.

Answer 18

Probability

Question 19

is a more complete tool for finding proportions of a normal distribution.
- is structured into four columns, which identify z-score values, the proportion in the body, the proportion in the tail, and the proportion between the mean and the z-score.

Answer 19

A unit normal table

Question 20

T or F
To use the unit normal table, you must find the row that corresponds to the z-score value you are interested in.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

T or F
There are a few important facts to keep in mind when using the unit normal table, including that the body always corresponds to the larger part of the distribution, and the tail always corresponds to the smaller part of the distribution.

Answer 21

true

Question 22

is the percentage of individuals with scores less than or equal to a specific score.

Answer 22

Percentile rank

Question 23

A score referred to by its percentile rank

Answer 23

Percentile

Question 24

T or F
Probability links samples to populations and is the foundation for inferential statistics.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

can be set to separate the most likely 95% of the samples in the middle of the distribution from the extremely unlikely 5% in the tails.

Answer 25

Boundaries

Question 26

Where does the boundaries set,provide objective objective criteria for deciding whether the treated sample is noticeably different from the original population

Answer 26

z = ±1.96