Chapter 1

Question 1

-Are often defined as facts and figures, such as average income, crime rate, birth rate, basketball batting averages, and so on.
-Informative and time saving because they condense large quantities of information into few simple figures.
-a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing and interpreting information.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

-the entire group that a researcher wishes to study
-the entire set of the individuals of interest for a particular
research question.

Answer 2

Population

Question 3

-a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to
represent the population in a research study.

Answer 3

Sample

Question 4

-Something that can change or have different values
-is a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals.

Answer 4

Variable

Question 5

-Score or raw score

Answer 5

Data/Datum

Question 6

-Measurements or observation

Answer 6

Data

Question 7

-is a collection of measurements or observations.

Answer 7

Data set

Question 8

-a single measurement or observation

Answer 8

Datum

Question 9

-is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population. A
parameter is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

Answer 9

Parameter

Question 10

-is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. A statistic is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.

Answer 10

Statistic

Question 11

-are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and
simplify data.

Answer 11

Descriptive Statistics

Question 12

-consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and
then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected.

Answer 12

Inferential statistics

Question 13

is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists
between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.

Answer 13

Sampling Error

Question 14

two different variables are observed to determine
whether there is a relationship between them.

Answer 14

Correlational Method

Question 15

Experimental method`s Two characteristics that differentiate experiments from other types or research studies:

Answer 15

-Manipulation
-Control

Question 16

Experimental Characteristics where, The researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another. A second variable is observed (measured) to determine whether the manipulation causes changes to occur.

Answer 16

Manipulation

Question 17

Experimental Method characteristics where, The researcher must exercise control over the research situation to ensure that other, extraneous variables do not influence the relationship being
examined.

Answer 17

Control

Question 18

The two general categories of variables that researchers must consider:

Answer 18

-Participant Variables
-Environmental Variables

Question 19

These are characteristics such as age, gender, and
intelligence that vary from one individual to another.

Answer 19

Participant Variables

Question 20

-These are characteristics of the environment such
as lighting, time of day, and weather conditions.

Answer 20

Environmental Variables

Question 21

Three Basic techniques to control other variables

Answer 21

-Random Assignment
-Matching
-Holding them constant

Question 22

A technique which each participant has an
equal chance of being assigned to each of the treatment conditions.

Answer 22

Random Assignment

Question 23

Technique ensure equivalent groups or equivalent environmental

Answer 23

Matching

Question 24

Technique that the researcher can be certain that one group
is not noticeably older than another.

Answer 24

Holding them constant

Question 25

-one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results.

Answer 25

Experimental Method

Question 26

-Variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

Answer 26

Independent Variable

Question 27

the variable that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment.

Answer 27

Dependent Variable

Question 28

in this, the individuals do not receive the experimental treatment. Instead, they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment.

Answer 28

Control Condition

Question 29

The individuals in the control condition are often called

Answer 29

Control Group

Question 30

In this the individuals do receive the experimental treatment

Answer 30

Experimental Condition

Question 31

In a nonexperimental study, the “independent” variable that is used to create the different groups of scores

Answer 31

quasi-independent variable

Question 32

are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.

Answer 32

Constructs

Question 33

identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of an internal construct.

Answer 33

Operational Definition

Question 34

consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories.

Answer 34

Discrete Variable

Question 35

-there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values -divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.

Answer 35

Continous Variable

Question 36

-are the boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line. -separating two adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores.

Answer 36

Real Limit

Question 37

-at the top of the interval

Answer 37

Upper real limit

Question 38

is at the bottom of the interval

Answer 38

Lower real limit

Question 39

-consists of a set of categories that have different names.

Answer 39

Nominal scale

Question 40

-consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence.

Answer 40

Ordinal Scale

Question 41

-consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size

Answer 41

Interval scale

Question 42

-an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point

Answer 42

Ratio scale