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Pathophysiology > Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 principle endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal

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2
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

unknown cause

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland activated by?

A

hypothalamus gland

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4
Q

If hormone function is abnormal what isn’t working?

A

negative feedback mechanism

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5
Q

What are the 6 hypothalamic hormones?

A
  1. growth hormone-releasing hormone
  2. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
  3. thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  4. corticotropin-releasing hormone
  5. gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  6. prolactin-inhibiting factor
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6
Q

What hormone inhibits the thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

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7
Q

What hormone works along with growth hormone-inhibiting hormone?

A

somatostatin

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8
Q

What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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9
Q

What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

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10
Q

What anterior pituitary hormone regulates secretion of proteins in the adrenal cortex glands?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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11
Q

What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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12
Q

What hormone works along with the prolactin-inhibiting factor?

A

dopamine

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13
Q

What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of prolactin?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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14
Q

What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. thyroid-stimulating hormone
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. follicle-stimulating hormone
  4. luteinizing hormone
  5. prolactin
  6. growth hormone
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15
Q

What anterior pituitary hormone stimulates metabolic process related to growth and adaption to physical and emotional stressors and functional capacity of organs?

A

growth hormone

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16
Q

What is prolactin deficiency?

A

no milk production following delivery

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17
Q

What is an example of prolactin deficiency?

A

Sheehan syndrome

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18
Q

What is Sheehan syndrome?

A

pituitary infraction during delivery

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19
Q

What happens to males with a gonadotropin deficiency?

A

testicular atrophy

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20
Q

What happens to females with a gonadotropin deficiency?

A

slows menstruation
uterus atrophy
breast atrophy

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21
Q

What happens during adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency?

A

pituitary gland cannot stimulate ATCH which causes a loss of cortisol

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22
Q

What happens with a loss of adrenal response?

A

patient doesn’t manage stress or illness well

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23
Q

What is an example of growth hormone deficiency?

A

dwarfism which is the result of genetics or a tumor

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24
Q

What are the manifestations of dwarfism?

A

short stature
delayed puberty
poorly developed muscles
dry skin
thin hair

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25
Q

What can hyperprolactinemia cause?

A

fertility issues

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26
Q

An increase in secretion of ACTH causes?

A

an increase in cortisol and an increase of blood glucose

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27
Q

What is an example of excess secretion of growth hormone?

A

giantism and acromegaly

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28
Q

Dwarfism is the result of

A

hypopituitarism

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29
Q

Giantism and acromegaly are the result of

A

hyperpituitarism

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30
Q

Giantism occurs

A

before puberty

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31
Q

Acromegaly occurs

A

after puberty

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32
Q

What are 3 manifestations of acromegaly?

A

coarse facial features
slanted forehead
protruding jaw

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33
Q

Cardiomegaly can cause?

A

hypertension
cardiac failure

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34
Q

What are two examples of posterior pituitary disorders?

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
diabetes insipidus

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35
Q

What causes syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?

A

increased secretion of ADH due to pituitary tumor or tumor in another part of the body that secretes ADH

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36
Q

What does an increase in ADH mean?

A

increased reabsorption of water

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37
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?

A
  1. fluid overload
  2. hyponatremia
  3. hemodilution
  4. cloudy, darker urine
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38
Q

What is hemodilution?

A

decreased specific gravity of blood that puts the body into a hyposmolar state

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39
Q

What are the manifestations of hemodilution?

A

confusions
seizure
coma (CNS)

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40
Q

What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?

A

genetics, lesions, medications, kidney disorders

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41
Q

What does a decrease in ADH mean?

A

loss of water

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42
Q

What are the 3 manifestations of diabetes insipidus?

A

polyuria
polydipsia
increased serum osmolality

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43
Q

What is polyuria?

A

increased urination that causes the body to be in a hypovolemic state

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44
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

increased thirst

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45
Q

Are pituitary tumors mostly benign or malignant?

A

benign

46
Q

What are two manifestations of adenomas?

A

headaches
blurred vision

47
Q

What is another word for pituitary tumors?

A

adenomas

48
Q

How are adenomas removed?

A

by going through the nasal cavity

49
Q

What is a common manifestation of adenomas?

A

increased prolactin

50
Q

Malignant adenomas are usually located?

A

in the anterior lobe

51
Q

The thyroid is involved with?

A

heat production and metabolism

52
Q

What are the 4 thyroid gland hormones?

A
  1. Thyroxine (T4)
  2. Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
  3. Thyroid hormone
  4. calcitonin
53
Q

What thyroid hormone is a precursor to T3?

A

T4

54
Q

Another name for hyperthyroidism is?

A

thyrotoxicosis

55
Q

What are the 8 manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. goiter
  2. flushed skin
  3. fine and soft hair/nails
  4. exophthalmos
  5. cardiovascular alterations
  6. nervous system alterations
  7. weight loss
  8. hypermetabolic state
56
Q

What is exophthalmos?

A

protrusion of eyes due to swelling of ocular muscles

57
Q

What are the cardiac alterations seen with hyperthyroidism?

A

tachycardia
palpitations
hypertension

58
Q

What are the nervous system alterations seen with hyperthyroidism?

A

restless
nervous
jittery
decreased attention span
frequent mood swings

59
Q

What are two examples of hyperthyroidism?

A

grave’s disease
thyrotoxic crisis

60
Q

How is grave’s disease caused?

A

an autoimmune disorder

61
Q

What happens with grave’s disease?

A

immunoglobulins bind to TSH receptors

62
Q

What is another name for thyrotoxic crisis?

A

thyroid storm

63
Q

What is a thyrotoxic crisis?

A

sudden increase in thyroid hormone
it is very rare and very severe

64
Q

What manifestation is unique to a thyrotoxic crisis?

A

uncontrolled fever (106 degrees)

65
Q

Hypothyroidism is more common in males or females?

A

females

66
Q

How is hypothyroidism caused?

A

congenital or acquired later in life

67
Q

What are the 8 manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A
  1. dry skin
  2. myxedema
  3. fatigue
  4. weight gain
  5. intolerance to cold
  6. brittle hair
  7. decreased muscle movement and reflexes
  8. elevated TSH (adaptive response)
68
Q

What is myxedema?

A

swelling around cheek bones and eyes

69
Q

What are two examples of hypothyroidism?

A

hoshimoto thyroiditis (most common)
myxedema coma

70
Q

How is hoshimoto thyroiditis caused?

A

an autoimmune disorder

71
Q

What manifestation is unique to hoshimoto thyroiditis?

A

goiter

72
Q

How is myxedema coma caused?

A

by an illness and is very severe

73
Q

What are two manifestations of myxedema coma?

A

unresponsive
hypothermic

74
Q

What are the characteristics of thyroid cancer?

A

progresses slowly and has a good prognosis

75
Q

What are manifestations of thyroid cancer?

A

difficulty swallowing or breathing due to a thyroid nodule

76
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

regulates serum calcium levels which controls the rate of bone metabolism

77
Q

What does hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

elevated serum calcium levels and increased excretion of phosphorus which cause possible precipitation in kidneys

78
Q

What condition can hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

osteoporosis

79
Q

Causes of hypoparathyroidism?

A

damage during surgery or inflammatory response

80
Q

When does hypoparathyroidism become life-threatening?

A

if tetany develops

81
Q

What are 3 manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?

A

numbness
tingling
stiffness in muscles

82
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex located?

A

on kidneys

83
Q

Mineralocorticoids lead to the release of which hormone?

A

aldosterone

84
Q

What triggers aldosterone production?

A

renin-angiotensin system
- sodium depletion
- potassium excess

85
Q

What are the 4 target tissues of aldosterone?

A
  1. distal renal tubules
  2. intestines
  3. sweat gland
  4. salivary glands
86
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

increases sodium reabsorption by distal tubules and increases potassium excretion by kidneys

87
Q

Glucocorticoids lead to the release of which hormone?

A

cortisol

88
Q

How would you describe cortisol and glucose relationship?

A

direct

89
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

stimulates metabolsim of carbs, protein, fat, and glucose by enhancing glucose production by the liver
cellular repair
membrane integrity

90
Q

Adrenal androgens are a precursor to?

A

testosterone

91
Q

What diseases are an example of hyperfunction of adrenal hormones?

A

cushing syndrome
hyperaldosteronism

92
Q

What causes cushing syndrome?

A

adrenal or pituitary neoplasm
exogenous glucocorticoid administration

93
Q

What is exogenous glucocorticoid administration?

A

long-term steroid use

94
Q

What 3 things does cushing syndrome cause?

A

elevated plasma ACTCH and cortisol
excessive catabolism of protein and fat
elevated glucose

95
Q

What are the 5 manifestations of cushing syndrome?

A
  1. weight gain
  2. adipose tissue redistribution
  3. metabolic abnormalities (glucose)
  4. capillary and collagen fragility
  5. masculinization in females
96
Q

What manifestation is unique to cushing syndrome?

A

moon face and buffalo hump

97
Q

What is the cause of hyperaldosteronism?

A

increased production of renin in kidneys

98
Q

What does hyperaldosteronism cause?

A

hypervolemic state
suppressed renin secretion activity
electrolyte imbalance

99
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of hyperaldosteronism?

A
  1. hypertension
  2. weakness
  3. muscle wasting
  4. frequent urination
100
Q

What diseases are examples of adrenal hormone hypofunction?

A

Addison’s disease
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

101
Q

How is Addison’s disease caused?

A

sudden withdrawal of exogenous corticosterioid drugs which slows the inflammatory response

102
Q

What medication puts people at risk for developing Addison’s?

A

prednisone

103
Q

Low adrenocortical hormone levels leads to a decrease in?

A

cortisol, glucose, aldosterone

104
Q

What does Addison’s disease cause?

A

altered metabolic state
hypovolemia
retention of potassium
ACTH increase

105
Q

What are the 9 manifestations of Addison’s disease?

A
  1. weight loss
  2. weakness
  3. fatigue
  4. hypotension
  5. hypoglycemia
  6. low resistance to stress and infection
  7. bronze pigmentation of skin
  8. loss of axillary and pubic hair
  9. depression
106
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

overproduction in ACTH which leads to adrogen effect

107
Q

What are the two manifestations of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

decreased resistance to stress and infections
masculinization of females

108
Q

What hormones are catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

109
Q

On what tissues does epinephrine and norepinephrine have the greatest effect on?

A

heart and blood vessels

110
Q

What does insulin antagonism result in?

A

an increase in blood glucose

111
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

excess production of catecholamines

112
Q

What are the 7 manifestations of pheochromocytoma?

A
  1. tachycardia
  2. hypertension
  3. headache
  4. nervousness
  5. sweating
  6. palpitations
  7. cardiac failure

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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