Neurological Disorders: Sensory

Question 1

What are nociceptors?

Answer 1

respond to chemical, mechanical, thermal stimuli

Question 2

What are A-Delta?

Answer 2

medium, myelinated, sharp pain
rapidly

Question 3

What are C-fibers?

Answer 3

small, not myelinated, dull pain
slowly

Question 4

What are the 8 steps of pain transmission?

Answer 4

1. stimulus
2. A-Delta and C-Fibers
3. spinal cord
4. brain stem
5. mid-brain
6. thalamus
7. cerebral cortex
8. pain perception

Question 5

acute pain lasts…

Answer 5

up to 3 months

Question 6

chronic pain lasts…

Answer 6

beyond 3 months

Question 7

neuropathic pain?

Answer 7

increased sensitivity due to abnormal processing

Question 8

Hyperthermia process in 5 steps?

Answer 8

1. pyrogen
2. cytokines released during inflammation to reset thermoset of hypothalamus
3. heat conservation measures
4. fever breaks
5. cooling measures

Question 9

What is a fever-producing agent called?

Answer 9

pyrogen

Question 10

Hyperthermia process in 4 steps?

Answer 10

1. cold environment decreases thermostat in hypothalamus
2. lowers metabolic demands
3. vasoconstriction and tissue hypoxia
4. SEVERE: ice crystals form in cells, cells rupture, necrosis

Question 11

Strabismus?

Answer 11

lazy eye

Question 12

Nystagmus?

Answer 12

involuntary jerky, back and forth motion

Question 13

Scotoma?

Answer 13

central blind spot (can see peripherally)

Question 14

Papilledema?

Answer 14

obstruction of blood flow or edema that causes blurred vision or blindness

Question 15

Glaucoma?

Answer 15

increase in intraoccqular pressure due to aqueous humor accumulation that could lead to blurred vision or blindness

Question 16

Cataract?

Answer 16

clouding of lens by proteins or glucose

Question 17

Retinal detachment?

Answer 17

black spots and lines

Question 18

Presbyopia?

Answer 18

can’t accomodate to near vision

Question 19

Myopia?

Answer 19

nearsightedness

Question 20

Hyperopia?

Answer 20

farsightedness

Question 21

Astigmatism?

Answer 21

blurred at any distance

Question 22

Conductive hearing loss?

Answer 22

obstruction of path of sound

Question 23

Sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 23

defects in organ of Corti (receptors) or neural pathways

Question 24

Functional hearing loss?

Answer 24

appears not to hear (psychological)

Question 25

Vertigo?

Answer 25

disturbance of equilibrium

Question 26

Meniere’s Disease?

Answer 26

degenerative disease of vestibular apparatus that cause swelling of fluid sacs and tinnitus

Question 27

What is tinnitus?

Answer 27

ringing in ears