Fluid Imbalance

Question 1

osmolality/osmolarity?

Answer 1

concentration of serum and urine

Question 2

What is hypovolemia?

Answer 2

low volume in blood

Question 3

What 2 things occur during hypovolemia?

Answer 3

1. extracellular volume depletion
2. water and electrolytes lost in same proportion

Question 4

What are the 2 causes of hypovolemia?

Answer 4

1. decrease in intake of fluids
2. decrease in extracellular volume

Question 5

What 4 things can cause a decrease in extracellular volume?

Answer 5

1. hemorrhage
2. vomiting
3. diarrhea
4. excessive swelling

Question 6

A volume deficit leads to…

Answer 6

decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure and filtration

Question 7

What is the role of hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 7

pushes fluid/solute out of capillaries to nourish tissues

Question 8

Where is there more hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 8

in arterioles

Question 9

What is the role of osmotic pressure?

Answer 9

pulls fluid in so fluid doesn’t go into interstitial space

Question 10

Where is there more osmotic pressure?

Answer 10

in venules

Question 11

When are cells deprived?

Answer 11

if there is less movement of fluids

Question 12

What are the 3 manifestations of hypovolemia?

Answer 12

1. tissue dehydration
2. decreased blood volume
3. decreased tissue perfusion

Question 13

What 6 things can be seen during tissue dehydration?

Answer 13

1. decreased skin elasticity
2. dry mucous membranes
3. decrease in urine output
4. increase HR
5. decreased BP
6. decreased oxygen supply in blood

Question 14

What is hypervolemia?

Answer 14

increased volume in blood

Question 15

What 2 things occur during hypervolemia?

Answer 15

1. excess extracellular fluid volume
2. water and electrolytes gained in same proportion

Question 16

What are the 4 causes of hypervolemia?

Answer 16

1. increased administration of isotonic fluids
2. increased dietary intake of NaCl
3. disease states
4. expansion of extracellular space and circulatory overload

Question 17

What 4 disease states cause hypervolemia?

Answer 17

1. chronic renal failure
2. liver failure
3. heart failure
4. hyperaldosteronism

Question 18

How does hyperaldosteronism cause hypervolemia?

Answer 18

aldosterone stimulates Na and water (fluid overload)

Question 19

What are the 5 manifestations of hypervolemia?

Answer 19

1. edema
2. increased BP and pulse
3. increased urine output
4. weight gain
5. shortness of breath

Question 20

What is an edema?

Answer 20

expansion or accumulation of interstitial fluid volume (third-space shift)

Question 21

fluid shift from plasma->

Answer 21

interstitial spaces -> connective tissues

Question 22

What is the term for build-up of fluid in spaces of body?

Answer 22

effusion

Question 23

Where is effusion most common? 2 locations

Answer 23

1. between linings of lungs and around lungs (pleural effusion)
2. pericardial effusion

Question 24

What are the 4 causes of edema?

Answer 24

1. inflammation
2. increased blood volume
3. venous obstruction
4. decreased serum albumin

Question 25

How does inflammation cause edema?

Answer 25

there is an increase in capillary permeability therefore leakage could occur

Question 26

How does venous obstruction cause edema?

Answer 26

it can affect capillary fluid transition into tissues

Question 27

How does decreased serum albumin cause edema?

Answer 27

the fluid is kept in the interstitial space

Question 28

What 4 things occur because of edema?

Answer 28

1. increased capillary permeability 2. decreased capillary oncotic pressure 3. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure 4. lymphatic obstruction

Question 29

How does edema cause increased capillary permeability?

Answer 29

there are more solutes in the interstitial space

Question 30

How does edema cause decreased capillary oncotic pressure?

Answer 30

there is more fluid staying out of the vessel on the venous side

Question 31

How does edema cause lymphatic obstruction?

Answer 31

fluid can't be absorbed from the interstitial space

Question 32

What is a pitting edema?

Answer 32

leaves an indent when pressure is applied

Question 33

What is a weeping edema?

Answer 33

fluid seeps through pores (on damaged skin; severe burns)

Question 34

What is a dependent edema?

Answer 34

body part in a dependent position (sitting, arms down) swells

Question 35

What is a generalized edema?

Answer 35

from kidney failure (swelling all over)

Question 36

What is a pulmonary edema?

Answer 36

occurs in the lungs and is because of heart failure

Question 37

What is hypo-osmolar (hypotonic) imbalance?

Answer 37

excess retention of free water or solute loss (blood is more dilute)