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Pathophysiology > Fluid Imbalance > Flashcards

Fluid Imbalance Flashcards

1
Q

osmolality/osmolarity?

A

concentration of serum and urine

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2
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

low volume in blood

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3
Q

What 2 things occur during hypovolemia?

A
  1. extracellular volume depletion
  2. water and electrolytes lost in same proportion
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4
Q

What are the 2 causes of hypovolemia?

A
  1. decrease in intake of fluids
  2. decrease in extracellular volume
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5
Q

What 4 things can cause a decrease in extracellular volume?

A
  1. hemorrhage
  2. vomiting
  3. diarrhea
  4. excessive swelling
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6
Q

A volume deficit leads to…

A

decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure and filtration

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7
Q

What is the role of hydrostatic pressure?

A

pushes fluid/solute out of capillaries to nourish tissues

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8
Q

Where is there more hydrostatic pressure?

A

in arterioles

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9
Q

What is the role of osmotic pressure?

A

pulls fluid in so fluid doesn’t go into interstitial space

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10
Q

Where is there more osmotic pressure?

A

in venules

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11
Q

When are cells deprived?

A

if there is less movement of fluids

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12
Q

What are the 3 manifestations of hypovolemia?

A
  1. tissue dehydration
  2. decreased blood volume
  3. decreased tissue perfusion
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13
Q

What 6 things can be seen during tissue dehydration?

A
  1. decreased skin elasticity
  2. dry mucous membranes
  3. decrease in urine output
  4. increase HR
  5. decreased BP
  6. decreased oxygen supply in blood
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14
Q

What is hypervolemia?

A

increased volume in blood

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15
Q

What 2 things occur during hypervolemia?

A
  1. excess extracellular fluid volume
  2. water and electrolytes gained in same proportion
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16
Q

What are the 4 causes of hypervolemia?

A
  1. increased administration of isotonic fluids
  2. increased dietary intake of NaCl
  3. disease states
  4. expansion of extracellular space and circulatory overload
17
Q

What 4 disease states cause hypervolemia?

A
  1. chronic renal failure
  2. liver failure
  3. heart failure
  4. hyperaldosteronism
18
Q

How does hyperaldosteronism cause hypervolemia?

A

aldosterone stimulates Na and water (fluid overload)

19
Q

What are the 5 manifestations of hypervolemia?

A
  1. edema
  2. increased BP and pulse
  3. increased urine output
  4. weight gain
  5. shortness of breath
20
Q

What is an edema?

A

expansion or accumulation of interstitial fluid volume (third-space shift)

21
Q

fluid shift from plasma->

A

interstitial spaces -> connective tissues

22
Q

What is the term for build-up of fluid in spaces of body?

A

effusion

23
Q

Where is effusion most common? 2 locations

A
  1. between linings of lungs and around lungs (pleural effusion)
  2. pericardial effusion
24
Q

What are the 4 causes of edema?

A
  1. inflammation
  2. increased blood volume
  3. venous obstruction
  4. decreased serum albumin
25
Q

How does inflammation cause edema?

A

there is an increase in capillary permeability therefore leakage could occur

26
Q

How does venous obstruction cause edema?

A

it can affect capillary fluid transition into tissues

27
Q

How does decreased serum albumin cause edema?

A

the fluid is kept in the interstitial space

28
Q

What 4 things occur because of edema?

A
  1. increased capillary permeability
  2. decreased capillary oncotic pressure
  3. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  4. lymphatic obstruction
29
Q

How does edema cause increased capillary permeability?

A

there are more solutes in the interstitial space

30
Q

How does edema cause decreased capillary oncotic pressure?

A

there is more fluid staying out of the vessel on the venous side

31
Q

How does edema cause lymphatic obstruction?

A

fluid can’t be absorbed from the interstitial space

32
Q

What is a pitting edema?

A

leaves an indent when pressure is applied

33
Q

What is a weeping edema?

A

fluid seeps through pores
(on damaged skin; severe burns)

34
Q

What is a dependent edema?

A

body part in a dependent position (sitting, arms down) swells

35
Q

What is a generalized edema?

A

from kidney failure
(swelling all over)

36
Q

What is a pulmonary edema?

A

occurs in the lungs and is because of heart failure

37
Q

What is hypo-osmolar (hypotonic) imbalance?

A

excess retention of free water or solute loss
(blood is more dilute)

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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