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biology > B14 > Flashcards

B14 Flashcards

1
Q

what is an allele

A

different form of the same gene

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2
Q

what is phenotype

A

the physical appearance caused by inherited information

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3
Q

what is variation

A

difference in characteristics in or between species

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4
Q

what are the genes of a female gamete

A

xx

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5
Q

what are the genes in a male gamete

A

xy

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6
Q

where does genetic variation arise from

A

mutations

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7
Q

how does a new phenotype occur

A

mutations happen continuosly in the body during cell division. However most mutations do not alter the phenotype. Most influence the phenotype but do not determine the phenotype

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8
Q

how can a phenotype be influenced

A
  • differences in the genes of organisms caused by mutations and sexual reproduction
  • differences in the environmental conditions organisms live in
  • or both
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9
Q

how are identical twins born

A

a feertillised egg splits in to and grow independently which means the twins have the same DNA so the differences have to some from the environment

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10
Q

what are some phenotype variation caused by genes

A
  • eye colour
  • natural hair colour
  • nose shape
  • blood type
  • ear lobe shape
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11
Q

what are some phenotype variation caused by the environment

A
  • hair lenght
  • accents
  • tatoos
  • scars
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12
Q

what are some factors affected by genes and the environment

A
  • weight
  • skin colour
  • being athletic
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13
Q

how are non-identical twins formed

A

when 2 sperm fertilise 2 seperate eggs at the same time

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14
Q

what is the theory of evolution

A
  • 3 billion years ago simple life organisms evolved by natural selection causing variation
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15
Q

what is evolution

A

a change in inherited characteristics of a population over time through natural selection

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16
Q

when is a new species formed

A

when population of one species has become so different in phenotype they can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring

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17
Q

what is a species

A

a group of similar organisms which can reproduce to have fertile offspring

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18
Q

what is natural selection

A

when a species shows variation causing it to be better adapted at surving allowing to breed more successfully and pass on its genes

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19
Q

are mutation always negative

A

no some could be positive or not positive at all and fatal

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20
Q

what factors can cause mutations

A
  • x-rays
  • UV light
  • Radiation
  • Chemicals
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21
Q

what is selective breeding

A

when humans breed plants and animals to get desired characteristics

22
Q

does selective breeding fertil offspring

A

no, it produces infertile offspring

23
Q

what are the steps in selective breeding

A

1- parents with desired characteristics are choosen from a population
2- they are bred together
3- from teh offspring thoose with desirable characteristics are bred
4- this happens over many generations untill all the offspring show desired characteristics

24
Q

what are cons of selective breeding

A
  • health problems
  • body growing soo fast that the legs can not support the large bodies
  • reduction in the gene pool
  • organisms can have harmful gene defects cause of the reduced gene pool
  • organisms are vulnerable to new diseases
25
Q

what are plants selectively bred for

A
  • higher yield
  • disease resistance
  • drought resistance
  • more flowers
26
Q

what are animals selectively bred for

A
  • higher yield
  • more muscle
  • fast growth
  • quality of stuff produced by the animal
27
Q

what is a gene pool

A
  • the combination of all the different genes in a population
28
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

involves changing the genetic material in an organism by cutting out the desirable gene from one organism and transferring it to another

29
Q

what are teh modern uses of gentic engineering

A
  • producing insulin
  • crops resistance to diseases
  • crops producing a higher yield
  • finding out where genes are expressed in the body
30
Q

what does GE stand for

A

genetic engineering

31
Q

what does GM stand for

A

genetic modification

32
Q

gimme the steps of genetic engineering

A

1- a restriction enzyme is used to cut out a piece of DNA from the organism
2- bacteria containing plasmid DNA
3- Plasmid is taken out and opened up using restriction enzymes
4- the insulin gene is inserted to the bacterial plasmid
5- the plasmid is inserted back into the bacteria
6- the bacterial cell divides to produce more bacteria with insulin gene

33
Q

what is the ligase enzyme used for

A

joining ends of DNA togetehr

34
Q

what is Lysozyme used for

A

used to break open the bacterial cell so that the plasmid can be removed

35
Q

what are the advantages of using GM crops

A
  • improved growth rate
  • better quality crops
  • higher yield
  • drought resistant
  • disease resistant
36
Q

what are the disadvantage sof GM crops

A
  • insects can become disease resistant if they eat too much pesticide forming plants
  • effect on human health is unknown
  • genes from GM plants may spred to the wildlife
  • GM plants are mostly infertile
37
Q

what is a clone

A

an organims produced by asexual reproduction which is genetically identical to the parent

38
Q

what are the 2 ways plants can be cloned

A
  • tissue culture
  • plant cuttings
39
Q

what are the 2 ways animals can be cloned

A
  • embryo transplant
  • adult cell cloning
40
Q

how does tissue cultures work

A
  • a small piece of tissue is taken from a plant
  • it is then grown on agar jelly containing the right nutrients and hormones for the plant to grow
41
Q

what are the pros of tissue cultures

A
  • can be used to preserve plants
  • can produce hundreds of clones of plants
42
Q

what are the disadvantages of using tissue cultures

A
  • ## it is expensive
43
Q

how does plant cuttings work

A
  • a part of the plant is removed and dipped in plant growth hormones powder
  • placed into moist soil
  • if the conditions are suitable then the plant will grow
44
Q

what are the advantages of using plant cuttings

A
  • easy
  • cheap
  • simple
45
Q

what are the disadvantages of using plant cuttings

A
  • right conditions are needed which at times can not be met
46
Q

how does embryo transplant work

A
  • a cow becomes pregnant
  • the emrbyo is removed before cells can become specialised
  • embryo is split and grown in a labratory till the calf is ready to be placed back into the uterus of a host cow
47
Q

what are the advantages of embryo transplant

A
  • can produce 3x times more calves than through normal reproduction
  • farmers can sell the embryos worldwide
48
Q

what are the disadvantages of embryo transplants

A
  • it is expensive
  • ## some say it is unethical
49
Q

how does adult cell cloning work

A
  • a skin cell from sheep A is taken and the nucleus is removed
  • unfertilised agg cell from sheep B is taken and the nucleus is removed
  • nucleus from sheep A is take ]n and placed into nucleus-less egg cell from sheep B
  • an electric shock stimulates egg cell to divide and from an embryo
  • embryo is placed into adult female sheep C
  • a clone of sheep A is formed
50
Q

what are the advantages of using adult cell cloning

A
  • can help animals be saved from extinction
  • could be used to produce large numbers of clones
  • can be medically used to collect to substances secreted by animals
  • this technique can be used to clone human babies which can give hope to infertile couples
51
Q

what are the disadvantages of using adult cell cloning

A
  • leads to plants and animals having identical genes so leads to a lower gene pool

biology (17 decks)

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