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Environmental Physiology Final > Free diving > Flashcards

Free diving Flashcards

1
Q

What is the historial significance of free diving?

A

Used for hunting and gathering
Military
Sport

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2
Q

Physiological challenges of apnea diving

A

Hypoxia and hypercapnia
Extreme hydrostatic pressure
Increased gas uptake and nitrogen saturation

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3
Q

Body response to diving

A

Bradycardia
Spleen contraction
Elevated blood pressure
Vasoconstriction of peripheral vascular beds

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4
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Reduction in heart rate

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5
Q

What happens to cerebral blood flow during static apnea?

A

Hypercapnia and hypoxia causes cerebral vasodilation (but important to manage intracranial pressure)

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6
Q

The spleen is innervated by

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

White pulp function in the spleen

A

Immunological

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8
Q

Red pulp function in the spleen

A

Erythrocyte filter and reservoir

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9
Q

Describe reduction in spleen volume

A

~20-40% reduction in spleen volume causes 3-9% increase in O2 carrying capacity of blood

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10
Q

Length of time Mirounga Angustirostris spend at sea

A

9-10 months
80-90% of that is underwater
Average dive >400m deep

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11
Q

Describe SaO2 levels in Mirounga

A

<80% for ~80% of their dive
~6.5 month/year <80%

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12
Q

Describe SaO2 levels in Mirounga

A

<80% for ~80% of their dive
~6.5 month/year <80%

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12
Q

Describe SaO2 levels in Mirounga

A

<80% for ~80% of their dive
~6.5 month/year <80%

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13
Q

Physiological adaptations of Mirounga

A

High amounts of carbon monoxide protects against intermittent hypoxia

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14
Q

Injury associated with deep dives

A

Lung squeeze

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15
Q

Symptoms of lung squeeze

A

Tightness/irritation in chest, trachea or larynx
Hemopytsis (coughing up blood, or blood stained mucus)
Cough
Dyspnea

16
Q

Symptoms of lung squeeze

A

Tightness/irritation in chest, trachea or larynx
Hemopytsis (coughing up blood, or blood stained mucus)
Cough
Dyspnea

17
Q

Describe airway when diving

A

5 seconds to lower into water - normal airway
10 seconds while diving - narrowed airway
5 seconds to get back to top - closed airway

18
Q

Compare Bajau and Ama diver depth average

A

Ama - 7.5m (minimum 5, maximum 12m)
Bajau - 5m (minimum 5m, maximum 7m)

19
Q

Physiological features of Ama, Bajau and elite divers

A

Increased lung volumes
Aortic stiffness
Spleen volume
Spleen contraction
Underwater eyesight

20
Q

What we dont know about free-diving populations

A

Structural or functional changes to the heart
Vascular adaptation
Blood volume
Antioxidant activity

21
Q

Challenges to studying indigenous divers

A

Time (loss of trained adaptations)
Population decline (urbanization, commercialization, migration)
Hard accessibility

22
Q

Describe scuba diving

A

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus that prolongs time underwater by using compressed gas

23
Q

What gases are used in scuba diving

A

Nitrox/air; O2 and N2
Heliox; O2 and He
Trimix; O2, He, N2

24
Q

Describe the deepest scuba dive

A

332m
9 gas tanks
12-minute descent
15-hour ascent

25
Q

What is nitrogen narcosis caused by

A

Breathing a high concentration of nitrogen that the gas functions as a mild anaesthetic

26
Q

Why does nitrogen cause a mild anaesthetic

A

Disruption of the ion transport channels or direct impact on receptors in the CNS

27
Q

Risk factors to nitrogen narcosis

A

Fatigue and exertion
Hypothermia
Age
Hypercapnia
Anxiety

28
Q

What is decompression sickness?

A

Happens during ascent, and its the release of gas in tissue. Severe outcomes related to CNS impacts.

29
Q

How is DCS prevented?

A

Dive time
Depth
Ascent rate
Surface intervals

30
Q

What does DCS effect?

A

Cerebral system (nausea, dizziness, convulsions)
Spinal cord (back pain, paraplegia)
Cerebellar (ataxia, vertigo)
Lungs
Inner ear
Joint
Lymphatics
Skin

31
Q

Risk factors for DCS

A

% body fat
Older age
Poor fitness
Dehydration
Pathologies
Exertion
Diving experience (rapid ascent, repetitive dives, short surface interval)
Cold
Airline travel

32
Q

Treatment for DCS

A

Get to a recompression chamber ASAP

33
Q

What is barotrauma?

A

Rise or fall in pressure of trapped gas causing damage to surrounding tissue

34
Q

Different types of barotrauma

A

Tympanic/inner ear
Pulmonary
Ocular
Sinus

35
Q

Describe the 28 days spent in commercial saturation diving

A

Days 1-4 - compression (gradually avoid HPNS)
Days 4-21 - work phase (bell winched down to dive site daily)
Days 21-28 - decompression (very gradual to avoid DCS)

36
Q

High pressure neurological syndrome occurs at what depth

A

> 200m, but can occur earlier

37
Q

High pressure neurological syndrome is characterized by

A

Helium gas
Tremor
Memory/cognitive impairments
Epilepsy-like episodes
CNS hypersensitivity

38
Q

High pressure neurological syndrome increases with

A

Increasing depth (rate of compression and individual susceptibility)

Environmental Physiology Final (5 decks)

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