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Biology 11 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread like structure inside bacterial cell

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Plasmids

A

Mobile rings of DNA
Can be transferred between bacteria

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4
Q

What do bacteria lack

A

Mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Inner layer surrounding bacteria cytoplasm, responsible for transporting, nutrients and waste

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6
Q

Cell wall

A

Middle layer surrounding cytoplasm, composed of a glycoprotein called peptidoglycan

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Provides rigidity/shape to bacterium

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8
Q

Gram-positive

A

Bacteria with large cell walls, and no capsule

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9
Q

Capsule

A

Outer layer of cytoplasm
Helps protect bacteria from being destroyed through phagocytosis

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10
Q

Graham negative

A

Bacteria containing a capsule

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11
Q

Pili

A

Protein tubes that are found in some bacteria

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12
Q

Attachment pili

A

Helps bacteria attached to surfaced/host

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13
Q

Sex Pili

A

Used in sexual reproduction to transfer DNA from bacterium to bacterium

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14
Q

Flagellum

A

Use for locomotion

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15
Q

Aerobic bacteria, use what form of respiration

A

Cellular respiration
Fermentation

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16
Q

Fermentation

A

Process of metabolizing sugars in an absence of oxygen

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17
Q

Waste products of fermentation

A

Lactic acid
Methane
Alcohol

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18
Q

Photrophs

A

Get energy through photosynthesis

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19
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Get energy by consuming other organisms

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20
Q

Chemo troughs

A

Get energy from inorganic chemical sources:
Sulfur
Methane
Magnetic metal particles

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21
Q

What 2 forms can DNA in a bacterium be found

A

Chromosome
Plasmid

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22
Q

Chromosome

A

Primary DNA of bacteria cell; first structure
Provides genes necessary for survival
Are circular

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23
Q

Plasmid

A

Second DNA structure
Consists of genes unnecessary for survival but give an advantage in stressful conditions

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24
Q

When is chromosome replicated

A

Cell division

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25
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

Passing of genes from generation to generation

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26
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Passing of genes between co-existing organisms

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27
Q

Transduction

A

Form of horizontal gene transfer where DNA is transferred between bacteria through bacteriophages

28
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake of plasmids by bacterial cell
Used by scientists to insert desirable genes into bacteria
Ex. Insulin in E.coli

29
Q

Conjugation

A

Direct transfer of genes using sex pillus
Allows for sexual reproduction

30
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

When single bacteria produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

31
Q

Binary Fission

A

Form of asexual reproduction where parent cytoplasm is evenly distributed btw daughter cells

32
Q

Budding

A

Type of asexual reproduction where daughter cell grows inside parent and pinches off once matured
Do not take equal amount of cytoplasm like binary fission

33
Q

Colony

A

Cluster of genetically identical bacteria resulting from asexual reproduction
Low genetic diversity (easy to destroy)

34
Q

Sexual reproduction can be achieved through:

A

Transformation
Conjugation

35
Q

Saprophytes

A

Micro organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organisms

36
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Convert inorganic nitrogen in atmosphere into a usable form

37
Q

What percent of cells in your body are human

A

10%

38
Q

How many different species of bacteria are found in body

A

10,000

39
Q

Micro biome

A

Diversity of bacteria that populate in human body

40
Q

3 essential roles of micro biome

A

Fight off pathogens
Digest nutrients
Remove toxins

41
Q

Micro biome can be compromised through:

A

Illness
Antibiotics

42
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Organisms that don’t normally pose a threat, but can establish disease when immune system is compromised
Ex. C.Diff

43
Q

6 different methods of protection from pathogenic bacteria

A

Sterilization
Disinfectants
Antiseptics
Pest control
Vaccines
Antibiotics

44
Q

Food infection

A

Eating food containing toxin-producing bacteria

45
Q

Food poisoning

A

Eating food containing only the bacterial toxin

46
Q

Botulism

A

Bacteria produces powerful neurotoxin that paralyzes muscles

47
Q

3 ways that bacteria cause disease

A

Causing inflammation/host cell death
Producing toxins
Overwhelming host tissue due to quantity of cells

48
Q

Sepsis

A

Body wide infection by a bacteria

49
Q

Septic shock

A

Infection so large it isn’t responding to treatment
Ex. Flesh eating disease

50
Q

3 ways humans can alter genetics

A

Transformation of plasmid
Transduction of bacteriophage
Mutagenesis

51
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Synthetically made DNA (designer plasmids)

52
Q

What 2 genes do scientist want from designer plasmids

A

Gene producing protein of commercial/medical value
Gene for antibiotic resistance

53
Q

Purpose of antibiotic gene

A

Allow scientists to select for colonies that have been successfully transformed

54
Q

Reporter gene

A

Codes for protein that makes transformed colonies easily identifiable
Results in fluorescence

55
Q

LacZ

A

Key reporter gene in biology
Results in fluorescence (turns blue)

56
Q

Mutagenesis

A

Process of causing mutation in an organism
Currently used in development of antibiotics and to modify antibiotic gene so it’s more effective against resistance

57
Q

BT toxin

A

Bacterial toxin used as insecticide since 1920s

58
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals that destroy bacteria/limit growth

59
Q

Overuse of antibiotics leads to:

A

antibiotic resistance

60
Q

Most historically important antibiotic:

A

Pencicillin

61
Q

Pencicillin

A

Works by interrupting cell wall growth

62
Q

Fungi/bacteria both have what structure

A

Cell wall

63
Q

Fungal cell wall

A

Made of chitin

64
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

Made of peptidoglycan

65
Q

Why might penicillin not work

A

If bacteria isn’t growing (causing tears in cell wall)
If bacteria has developed antibiotic resistance

66
Q

How is resistance to penicillin created

A

Caused by bacteria producing an enzyme that breaks down penicillin protein

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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