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BI374 Final > Microbial resistance > Flashcards

Microbial resistance Flashcards

1
Q

What is tolerance/resistance associated with?

A
  • chemical structure and potential similarity to natural compounds
  • can be advantageous depending on application
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2
Q

The most vulnerable microbes are not exposed to ______. an example would be ______ _____

A
  • adversity
  • strict anaerobes
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3
Q

What is an example of an advantageous adaptation

A
  • acidic pH and acid tolerance = survival
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4
Q

What is an example of a disadvantageous adaptation

A
  • chlorine tolerance in water treatment could harm humans
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5
Q

What does antimicrobial resistance develop in response to?

A
  • selective pressures
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6
Q

What are mechanisms of resistance?

A
  • lack/modify target structure
  • impermeability
  • chemical form/metabolic alteration
  • efflux pump
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7
Q

What alterations in cell morphology cause physiological adaptation and environmental response?

A
  • fagella, metabolism, gene transcription, cell behaviour
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8
Q

Give an example of reduced permeability

A
  • pseudomonas, penicillin (chromosomal)
  • mycolic acid in cell wall structure (robust)
  • waxy, gram stain doesn’t work (classic mechanisms cannot penetrate cell wall)
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9
Q

What does TB antimicrobial treatment use?

A
  • structural analogs incorporated into cell wall to get waxy nature (structurally similar but not the same, breaks down)
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10
Q

What happens to acid fast stain when used on pseudomonas?

A
  • melts stain to cell wall
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11
Q

What is scarlett fever?

A
  • development off of another virus (strep pneumoniae)
  • if not treated, worsens until death
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12
Q

environmental fluctuations and selective pressure involve what?

A
  • availability of electron acceptors
  • nutrient supply (C,N,P)
  • osmolarity
  • temperature
  • liquid vs solid medium
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13
Q

What happens if C,N,P are not balanced?

A
  • if lacking one, others cannot be utilized
  • ex. flux of N or p = no utilization of C
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14
Q

What do bacteria prefer their medium to be? why?

A
  • solid
  • prefer to be attached
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15
Q

How can bacteria pass sterilization?

A
  • shrivel up
  • abandon flagellar production once they reach specific point
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16
Q

bacteria continuously monitor the environment - they have ______ ______ _____.

A

sophisticated detection systems

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17
Q

Where are signals transmitted?

A
  • across cell membrane to specific intracellular targets
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18
Q

What do signalling pathways do?

A
  • send messages to specific targets that regulate gene expression
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19
Q

What would happen if cytoplasmic membrane was not discriminatory to signals?

A
  • everything would enter interior of cell (excessive nutrition) and dictate gene expression
20
Q

What are the most common type of signaling systems? What bacteria are they most studied in?

A
  • two-component
  • E. coli
21
Q

What does histidine kinase protein do in two-component systems?

A
  • autophosphorylates at histidine residue, transfers phosphoryl group to aspartate residue in response regulator protein which regulates gene transcription
22
Q

How does 2 component system work?

A
  • sensor histidine kinase and response regulator protein are signal transducers
  • mediate acclimation to various environmental changes by coupling environmental cues to gene expression
23
Q

Give 3 examples of two-component systems

A
  • Arc system (senses changes in oxygen)
  • Che system (rotation of flagellar motion (direction, speed))
  • kdpABC (potassium ion transport)
24
Q

What is involved in two-component signal transduction system?

A
  • sensor kinase protein and cytoplasmic response regulator protein
25
Q

What does the response regulator depend on?

A
  • state of phosphorylation
26
Q

What do sensor kinase proteins and response regulator proteins do?

A
  • send signal/communicate with flagellar motor
27
Q

Explain the process of 2 component signal

A
  • histidine kinase (sensor kinase) receives signal and transmits to response regulator, determines action (dormant or move), response regulator transmits signal to target
28
Q

What is histidine kinase in two component system?

A
  • input domain and transmitter domain
29
Q

What is response regulator in 2 component system?

A
  • receiver domain and output domain
30
Q

What does signal depend on?

A
  • nutrition levels, osmotic changes, temp changes
31
Q

What stimulates/represses transcription in TCS?

A
  • phosphorylated response regulators bind to DNA
32
Q

What assists the system in phosphorelay between HK and RR?

A
  • phosphotransferases
33
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A
  • movement toward/away from chemical (attractant/repellant)
34
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A
  • movement toward/away from chemical (attractant/repellent)
  • changes in concentration gradient
35
Q

What is positive chemotaxis?

A
  • toward chemical attractant
36
Q

What is negative chemotaxis?

A
  • away from repellent
37
Q

What are chemoeffectors?

A
  • attractants and repellents
38
Q

What are MCPs?

A
  • methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins
  • sense attractants/repellents and interact with cytoplasmic sensor kinases
39
Q

What is CheA?

A
  • sensor kinase
40
Q

What is CheY?

A
  • response regulator
  • governs direction of flagellar rotation
41
Q

Why are gram negative more versatile?

A

moving sensors and have more environmental awareness

42
Q

What happens when bacteria is desensitized to chemoeffector?

A
  • requires higher concentrations to elicit response
43
Q

What are halobacteria?

A
  • cells capable of positive and negative photoresponses
44
Q

What is photoresponse

A

movement toward or away from light

45
Q

What is the wavelength that most are attracted to? What length are they repelled by?

A
  • 500-600nm (orange/red)
  • UV/blue
46
Q

What triggers movement to or from light?

A
  • Che protein systems for flagellar rotation

BI374 Final (12 decks)

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