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BI374 Final > Host-microbes: the human body > Flashcards

Host-microbes: the human body Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skin composed of?

A
  • epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
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2
Q

What glands are associated with the skin

A
  • eccrine
  • apocrine
  • sebaceous
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3
Q

What is the condition of the skin

A
  • dry, lysozyme (beta 1-4 linkage attacks cell wall), lack nutrition, UV exposure
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4
Q

What happens when pathogens reach glands?

A
  • environment is more favourable
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5
Q

What are eccrine glands? What are they for and where are they found?

A
  • sweat glands for body cooling
  • palms, soles, finger pads
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6
Q

What are apocrine glands? where are they?

A
  • smell
  • moist, underarms, genitals
  • not functional till puberty
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7
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A
  • hair follicles
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8
Q

What happens if a pathogen reaches the sebaceous gland?

A
  • reaches bloodstream and has access to everything in body if bloodstream isn’t sterile
  • aerobic and anaerobic
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9
Q

normal skin microbiota are _____ or _____ organisms primarily gram-_____.

A
  • resident or transient
  • positive
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10
Q

What do gram + have that gram neg don’t? what does this help with?

A
  • thicker peptidoglycan
  • secures moisture
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11
Q

give 4 examples of skin microorganisms

A
  • staph spp
  • strep spp
  • propionibacterium acnes
  • acinetobacter spp
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12
Q

What affects the nature and extent of normal microbiota?

A
  • weather, age, hygiene
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13
Q

Where are microbiota found in the oral cavity?

A
  • teeth and tongue
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14
Q

Saliva is a source of certain ____ and _____ substances

A
  • nutrients
  • antibacterial
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15
Q

Explain the steps in plaque/biofilm formation

A
  • thin organic film from saliva glycoproteins
  • colonization of species of strep
  • formation of plaque as biofilm thickens
  • growth of other microorganisms (spirochetes - filamentous bacteria)
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16
Q

What happens if plaque accumulates?

A

dental caries (ex. lactic-acid producing bacteria)

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17
Q

What do bacteria attach to in the oral cavity?

A
  • chemical layer and withstand conditions of lysozyme
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18
Q

Where are bacteria most protected in the oral cavity?

A
  • under gums, access to bloodstream
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19
Q

What does the GI tract consist of?

A
  • stomach, small intestine, large intestine
20
Q

What is the pH of stomach acid?

A
  • 2: kills bacteria
21
Q

What is the pH of the stomach wall?

A
  • 4: special enzyme allows bacteria to burrow
22
Q

What causes ulcers?

A
  • helicobacter burrows in stomach walls
23
Q

State and describe 2 areas of the human body where you may expect microbial occupancy. Which conditions favour this growth and why?

A
  • The highest numbers of microorganisms are found in the colon where the pH is neutral. The colon also has fermentative bacteria which produce lactic acid and gas production allowing for a larger space for bacterial growth.
    The oral cavity is another location that microorganisms may be found. This is because saliva is a source of certain nutrients, and the environment is moist allowing for growth.
24
Q

Where are the highest numbers of microorganisms found? What is it considered to be?

A
  • colon
  • “specialized fermentation vessel”
25
Q

What kind of bacteria are found in the colon?

A
  • strict and obligate anaerobes
  • some facultative anaerobes
26
Q

What plays a significant role in determining the normal population of the GI tract?

A
  • diet
27
Q

What allows for the survival of strict/obligate anaerobes?

A
  • E. coli attacks O2 as soon as it is available
28
Q

Why does colon have fermentative bacteria? what is produced?

A
  • larger space
  • lactic acid and gas production
29
Q

Fecal matter is ____ bacteria and ____ concentrated, digested material

A
  • 1/3
  • 2/3
30
Q

What causes intestinal gas

A
  • activity of fermentative and methanogenic microorganisms in addition to swallowed air
31
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A
  • nasopharynx, oral cavity, throat
32
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A
  • trachea, bronchi, lungs
33
Q

Where does respiratory tract become sterile?

A
  • below trachea/larynx dividing line
34
Q

in the upper respiratory tract, what are a majority of bacteria associated with?

A
  • mucous membranes in the nasal passages
35
Q

Give examples of bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract

A
  • staph, strep, diphtheroid, gram-neg cocci
36
Q

What happens if lower respiratory tract is not sterile?

A
  • organ infection/inflammation
37
Q

Why is mucosal lining important?

A
  • protective barrier that bac attach to
  • keep bac from reaching bloodstream
38
Q

What does septicemia mean?

A
  • infection of bloodstream
39
Q

What is the lower respiratory mechanical defence?

A
  • cilia
40
Q

What happens when cilial elevator is compromised?

A
  • secondary infection
41
Q

What does smoking do to cilia? What illness is specific to ciliated cells?

A
  • burns them off
  • whooping cough
42
Q

what kind of bacteria line the urethra?

A
  • facultative aerobic gram-negative rods
  • may be opportunistic
43
Q

the vaginal tract is ____ ____ and contains lactobacillus acidophilus

A
  • weakly acidic
44
Q

What causes environmental change in the vagina?

A
  • hormone stages and cycles
45
Q

What causes a yeast infection?

A
  • bacterial balance upset and don’t hold to lining

BI374 Final (12 decks)

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