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Biology B1 > B1.2 > Flashcards

B1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

section of DNA giving the instructions for a cell about how to make one kind of protein

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2
Q

chromosome

A

long structures in the nucleus made from a molecule of DNA

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3
Q

nucleus

A

the part of a eukaryotic cell that contains genes and controls the cells activities

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4
Q

DNA

A

biological polymer made from nucleotide monomers, contains all genetic material of an organism

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5
Q

polymer

A

large molecule composed of multiple repeating units

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6
Q

monomer

A

molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

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7
Q

what is DNA and what is it made from?

A

DNA is a polymer and is made from repeated units called nucleotides

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8
Q

nucleotide structure

A

(circle)- phosphate
(pentagon)- sugar
(rectangle- nitrogenous base

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9
Q

structure of DNA

A

-made of two polynucleotide chain which are held together by hydrogen bonds
-they form a double helix

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10
Q

complimentary base pairing

A

adenine-thymine (2 hydrogen bonds)
cytosine-guanine (3 hydrogen bonds)

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11
Q

what are proteins made of?

A

long chains of amino acids

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12
Q

what is catalase?

A

an enzyme found in every cell

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13
Q

what are chromosomes made of?

A

genes

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14
Q

why do we have pairs of chromosomes?

A

each parent contributes a chromosome

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15
Q

what does one gene code for?

A

proteins

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16
Q

what is an allele?

A

different versions of the same gene

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17
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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18
Q

what number pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes?

A

23rd

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19
Q

describe the shape of a helix

A

a coil

20
Q

what is meant by the term complimentary base pairing?

A

the arrangement of bases in relation to their opposite pairing

21
Q

why is a sequence of 3 bases on a DNA strand referred to as a triplet code?

A

more than three times the number of codons than amino acids

22
Q

name for the molecule that an enzyme is acting on

A

substrate

23
Q

described as a protein and a biological catalyst

A

enzyme

24
Q

name given to the temperature that the enzyme works the fastest at

A

optimum temperature

25
Q

optimum temperature of enzymes in the human body

A

37°C

26
Q

the scientific word to explain that an enzyme is no longer functional

A

denatured

27
Q

the name given to the model that explains how an enzyme works

A

the lock and key model

28
Q

when an enzyme docks into a substrate what is produced

A

product

29
Q

the region on the enzyme that binds to the substrate and has a very specific shape

A

active site

30
Q

factors that affect the rate of enzyme controlled reactions

A

temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration

31
Q

carbohydrase is an enzyme that breaks down…

A

carbohydrates

32
Q

protease is an enzyme that breaks down…

A

proteins

33
Q

lipase is an enzyme that breaks down…

A

fats

34
Q

amylase is an enzyme that breaks down…

A

starch

35
Q

amylase is an enzyme which breaks down large carbohydrate molecules. explain why it is unable to break down proteins

A

-enzymes only act on one substrate, they are highly specific
-the shape of the active site is complimentary to the shape of the substrate
-reference to the lock and key hypothesis
-the shape of the active site of amylase is not complimentary to the shape of protein
-an enzyme substrate complex cannot form and the reaction cannot be catalysed

36
Q

collision theory

A

-the particles must have enough kinetic energy to collide with the reactant and produce products in the reaction
-the rate of reaction depends on the rate of successful collisions between particles

37
Q

fresh liver

A

-bubbles of oxygen gas as the catalase enzyme breaks down the hydrogen peroxide
-the shape of the active sit is complimentary to the shape of hydrogen peroxide, catalyzing the reaction

38
Q

boiled liver

A

-no reaction took place
-high temperatures denatured catalase, changing the shape of the active site, preventing enzyme substrate complexes from being formed

39
Q

apple without acid

A

-rapid browning of the apple
-the active site shape of phenolase is complimentary to the shape of the substrate, catalyzing the reaction

40
Q

apple with acid

A

-apple did not brown
-the acid lowers the pH of the environment, denatures the active site, preventing a reaction

41
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

speed up reactions

42
Q

enzyme controlled reactions

A

-metabolic reactions
-respiration
-photosynthesis

43
Q

rate of reaction temperature graph

A

-at low temperatures the rate of reaction starts to increase as temperatures increase. the enzymes have more kinetic energy and form more collisions with the substrate
-at the optimum temperature is the quickest rate of reaction where the most collisions take place
-at high temperatures the enzymes start the denature, the active site has changed shape, slowing the rate of reaction, after 60C all enzymes have denatured

44
Q

rate of reaction pH graph

A

-outside the pH range there is no rate of reaction, enzymes would denature
-at the optimum pH is the quickest rate of reaction for the enzyme, more collisions occuring
-at either side of the optimum pH the enzymes start to denature, the active sit changes shape

45
Q

rate of reaction substrate concentration graph

A

-at a certain concentration all the enzyme molecules are bound to substrate molecules
-no more enzymes are available for the substrate to bind to and so increasing the substrate concentration past this point does not have any effect on the rate of reaction

46
Q

rate of reaction enzyme concentration graph

A

-increasing the enzyme concentration will speed up the rate of reaction, until there are no more substrates to break down/up
-this will stop the reaction alltogether

Biology B1 (5 decks)

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