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BIOS 483 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of basal ganglia/nuclei

A
  • influence muscle movements
  • regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
  • filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses
  • inhibit unnecessary movements
  • habit formation
  • cognition and emotion
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2
Q

Basal ganglia structures

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nuclei
  • substantia nigra
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3
Q

Basal ganglia input

A

Input from cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Basal ganglia output

A

Output to frontal lobes via thalamus and to brainstem

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5
Q

Caudate nucleus functions

A
  • execution of movement (voluntary skeletal movement)
  • learning and memory
  • reward
  • motivation and emotion
  • romantic interaction
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6
Q

Caudate nucleus input

A
  • cortex
  • substantia nigra
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7
Q

Caudate nucleus output

A
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
  • thalamus
  • hippocampus
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8
Q

Caudate nucleus damage

A
  • parkinson’s
  • huntington’s
  • dementia
  • ADHD
  • bipolar disorder
  • OCD
  • Schizophrenia
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9
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Causes unintended or uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

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10
Q

Parkinson’s disease caused by

A

Death of dopamine neurons in the striatum; build up of lewy bodies (clumps of alpha synuclein)

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11
Q

Parkinson’s disease symptoms

A
  • tremors
  • muscle stiffness
  • slowness of movement
  • impaired balance
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12
Q

Parkinson’s disease treatment

A

L-DOPA

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13
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Inherited condition involving death of neurons in the basal ganglia

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14
Q

Huntington’s disease symptoms

A
  • Mood and/or mental abilities
  • swallowing issues
  • lack of coordination/gait
  • chorea (hyperkinetic movements)
  • dementia
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15
Q

Huntington’s disease treatment

A

Tetrabenazine

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16
Q

Putamen functions

A
  • regulation of movement (preparation and execution)
  • learning (hate circuit)
  • gender identity
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17
Q

Putamen input

A
  • cortex
  • substantia nigra
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18
Q

Putamen output

A
  • thalamus
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
19
Q

Putamen damage

A
  • alzheimer’s
  • parkinson’s
  • huntingtons’
  • dementia
  • tourette’s
  • schizophrenia
  • depression
  • ADHD
20
Q

Globus pallidus functions

A
  • regulation of voluntary movement
  • subconscious movement
21
Q

Globus pallidus input

A

Striatum

22
Q

Globus pallidus outputs

A
  • subthalamic nuclei (external)
  • thalamus
23
Q

Globus pallidus damage

A

Parkinson’s disease

24
Q

Subthalamic nuclei functions

A
  • intended movement
  • impulsivity
  • start/stop tasks
25
Q

Subthalamic nuclei inputs

A

Globus pallidus

26
Q

Subthalamic nuclei output

A

Substantia nigra (pars compacta)

27
Q

Subthalamic nuclei damage

A
  • parkinson’s
  • huntington’s
28
Q

Substantia nigra functions

A
  • reward
  • movement
29
Q

Substantia nigra input

A

Striatum (pars reticulata)

30
Q

Substantia nigra output

A
  • thalamus
  • superior colliculus
  • cross talk between both structures
31
Q

Pars compacta projection

A

Projection to basal ganglia circuit

32
Q

Pars reticulata projection

A

Projection to the rest of the brain

33
Q

Substantia nigra damage

A
  • parkinson’s
  • schizophrenia
  • addiction
34
Q

Thalamacorticol pathway

A
  • Basal ganglia to thalamus to motor cortex
  • unlock desired preprogrammed movement patterns, sequenced patterns
35
Q

Direct pathway

A

Excitation of cortex

36
Q

Indirect pathway

A

Inhibition of cortex

37
Q

Disturbances in pathway

A

Result in production of involuntary movement or cessation of movement

38
Q

Nigrostriatal pathways

A
  • Bilateral dominergic pathway that connects the substantia nigra (pars compacta) with the dorsal straitum
39
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway function

A

Release dopamine that synapse onto striatal GABA neurons (medium spiny neurons)

40
Q

Modulation of direct and indirect pathways in nigrostraital pathways

A
  • synapse onto D1 receptor neurons: increase direct path
  • synpase onto D2 receptor neurons: increase indirect path
41
Q

Direct route within basal nuclei

A

Stimulate cortex:
- cortex stimulates striatum (glutamate)
- striatum inhibits (GABA) the tonic release of GABA from the FPint/SNpr
- the uninhibited thalamus releases glutamate and stimulates the cortex

42
Q

Indirect route within the basal nuclei

A

Inhibit cortex:
- striatum (GABA) inhibits the tonic release of GABA from GPext
- the uninhibited subthalamic nucleus now releases glutamate and stimulates the GPint/SNpr
- GPint/SNpr releases GABA inhibiting the thalamus and cerebral cortex

43
Q

Substantia nigra releases:

A

Releases dopamine
- stimulates direct route
- inhibits indirect route

BIOS 483 (14 decks)

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