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LOCO2 > Introduction To Skin > Flashcards

Introduction To Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Skin functions

A

Barrier
Insulation
Provides Sensory info
Vitamin D synthesis

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2
Q

What molecule in cell membranes is vitamin D synepthesised from

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

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3
Q

2 major layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis

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4
Q

4 main layers of epidermis + extra layer on palms and soles

A

Stratum basal
Startum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

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5
Q

Major cell types in epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

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6
Q

Epidermis epithelium type

A

Stratified squamous

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7
Q

What type of filament does keratin form

A

Intermediate filament

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8
Q

How does pH of type 1 and type 2 keratin differ

A

Type 1 acidic
Type 2 basic

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9
Q

How do keratin molecules pair up

A

Specific pairs
Always acidic Type 1 with basic type 2 to ensure overal protein neutral

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10
Q

What cells in the epidermis proliferate

A

Adult stem cells in Basal layer

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11
Q

What do basal cells of the epidermis adhere to

A

Basement membrane

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12
Q

Components of basement membrane

A

Laminin 332
Collagen IV
collagen VII

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13
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Integrin receptors on keratinocyte cytoskeleton which link to basement membrane

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14
Q

What structure anchors the epidermis to the dermis

A

Basement membrane

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15
Q

What gives the stratum spinosum a histological spiny appearance

A

Desmosomes

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16
Q

Desmosome

A

Structures holding cells together at Adhesive intracellular junction

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17
Q

Number of Cell layers in stratum spinosum, granulosum and corneum,

A

S - 5-8
G 2-3
C 15-20 dead

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18
Q

Cells in Which layer of the epidermis contain keratohyalin granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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19
Q

Proteins contained in keratohyalin granules

A

Filaggrin
Involucrin
Loricrin

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20
Q

Why do stratum granulosum cells appear granular

A

Large keratohyalin granules

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21
Q

In what layer of the epidermis do nuclei start to break down

A

Stratum granulosum

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22
Q

What type of molecule and ceramides

A

Intracellular lipids

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23
Q

What layer of the epidermis has flat dead cells and a thick cornified envelope

A

Stratum corneum

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24
Q

What structure connects cells in the stratum corneum

A

Corneodesmosomes

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25
Q

Histological characteristics of each layer of the epidermis

A

Corneum - non nuclei or organelles
Granulosum - grainy
Spinosum - larger rounder cells w paler nuclei
Basal - small compact cells w dark nuclei

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26
Q

Junction types

A

Tight junction
Adheren junction
Gap junction
Desmosomes

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27
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary - more superficial
Reticular - deeper

28
Q

Main tissue type in dermis

A

CT

29
Q

Most abundant cell in dermis

A

Fibroblasts

30
Q

What cell synthesises collagen elastin and proteoglycans in the dermis

A

Fibroblast

31
Q

Components of papillary layer of dermis

A

Many capillaries
Randomly orientated type III collagen
Elastin

32
Q

Collagen type on papillary and reticular layer of dermis

A

Papillary type III
Reticular type I

33
Q

2 types of hair follicle

A

Vellus - body hair
Terminal - scalp and secondary sexual

34
Q

Which cells make up hair in hair follicles

A

Matrix keratocytes

35
Q

Which hair follicle cells control hair growth and how do they do this

A

Dermal papilla fibroblasts
Signal to hair follicle cells to proliferate

36
Q

Which part of the hair follicle contains HF stem cells and what protein do they express

A

Bulge region
Keratin 15

37
Q

Number of layers in the hair shaft and number of layers in the root sheath

A

3 in each

38
Q

3 phases of hair growth cycle

A

Anagen - active
Catagen- regressive
Telogen - resting

39
Q

Are sebaceous glands exocrine of endocrine

A

Exo

40
Q

Why do sebaceous glands enlarge at puberty

A

Androgen sensitive

41
Q

How is sebum released onto skin

A

Sebum contained in mature sebocytes in sebaceous glands -> sebocytes rupture -> sebum released into sebaceous duct and onto skin

42
Q

Infection of which glands causes acne

A

Sebaceous glands

43
Q

2 man in components of eccrine sweat glands

A

Excretory duct
Secretory coil

44
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Sweat gland associated with hair follicle

45
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found

A

Axilla
Pubic region

46
Q

When do apocrine sweat glands become active

A

Puberty

47
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine
Apocrine

48
Q

Melanocyte

A

Dendritic cell found in the epidermis which produce melanin

49
Q

Where are melanocytes found

A

In epidermis on basement membrane and hair matrix

50
Q

What is the function of melanosomes

A

Store melanin in melanocytes
Injected into keratinocytes

51
Q

2 types of melanin

A

Eumelanin - brown/black
Pheomelanin - red

52
Q

How does melanin protect against UV

A

Absorbs UV

53
Q

Langerhans cell

A

Specialised tissue resident macrophage found in basal and spinous layers

54
Q

Langerhans cell function

A

Take up, process, and present antigens

55
Q

Merkel cell location and purpose

A

Stratum basale
Sensory perception

56
Q

Mast cell location and function

A

Dermis
Immune response and histamine secretion

57
Q

3 wound types and layers they effect

A

Superficial - epidermis
Partial thickness - epidermis + dermis
Full thickness - epidermis + dermis + hypodermis

58
Q

3 phases of wound healing

A

Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation

59
Q

Parts of inflammation phase of wound healing

A

Hemostasis - fibrin clot
Neutrophil leakage
Resident immune cell activation
Active immune cell recruitment

60
Q

What part of the inflammation stage of wound healing is mediated by ILs and TNFalpha

A

Immune cell recruitment

61
Q

Do macrophages or neutrophils respond first

A

Neutrophils

62
Q

Parts of proliferation stage of wound healing

A

Granulation tissue formation from fibroblasts
Angiogenesis
Myofibroblasts contract to contract wound
Re epithelialisation by keratinocytes

63
Q

Parts of Maturation stage of wound healing

A

Collagen remodelling - 3->1
Removal of myofibroblasts, immune cells, and redundant blood vessels

64
Q

Complications of wound healing

A

Infection
Chronic wounds
Scarring

65
Q

What causes a keloid scar

A

Fibroblasts produce collagen beyond what is needed

66
Q

Difference between androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata

A

Androgenetic - male pattern
Areata - auto immune

LOCO2 (26 decks)

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