LESSON 5.3: Development through the first year Flashcards

1
Q

involves the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses and the need for food, drink, and sleep

A

development

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2
Q

4 major principles of development

A
  • cephalocaudal principle
  • proximodistal principle
  • principle of hierarchical integration
  • principle of the independence of systems
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3
Q

states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward

A

proximodistal principle

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4
Q

states that simple skills typically develop separately and independently, but that these simple skills are integrated into more complex ones

A

principle of hierarchical integration

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5
Q

suggests that different body systems grow at different rates

A

principle of independent system

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6
Q

suggests that different body systems grow at different rates

A

principle of independent systems

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7
Q

states that growth follows a direction and pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body

A

cephalocaudal principle

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8
Q

height of 95% of full-term babies

A

18-22 inches

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9
Q

weight of 95% of full-term babies

A

5-10 lbs

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10
Q

in the first month, they grow rapidly at ____ to ____ ounces per week

A

5 to 6

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11
Q

in 4 months, their birth weight is _____

A

doubled

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12
Q

in a year, birth weight is nearly _____

A

tripled

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13
Q

infants grow ____ inch per month and approximately ____ their height in a year

A
  • 1 inch
  • double
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14
Q

infants grow ____ inch per month and approximately ____ their height in a year

A
  • 1 inch
  • double
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15
Q

body proportions of infants:

  • head in the womb
  • heat at birth
  • heat by age 25
A
  • 50%
  • 25%
  • 20%
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16
Q

number of neurons in the brain

A

85 billion

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17
Q

function of neurons

A

store and transmit information

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18
Q

branching extensions that collect information from other neurons will undergo exuberance

A

dendrites

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19
Q

formation of connections between neurons, continues from the prenatal period forming thousands of new connections during infancy and toddlerhood

A

synaptogenesis

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20
Q

where neural connections are reduced thereby making those that are used much stronger

A

synaptic pruning

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21
Q

coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron that helps insulate the nerve cell and speed the rate of transmission of impulses from one cell to another

A

myelin

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22
Q

weight of brain at birth

A

250 g

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23
Q

weight of brain by 1 year

A

750 g

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24
Q

thin outer covering of the brain involved in voluntary activity and thinking where most of the neural activity occurs

A

cortex

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25
Q

cortex is divided into ___ hemisphere, and each hemisphere has ____ lobes

A
  • 2
  • 4
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26
Q

each lobe is separated by folds known as _____

A

fissures

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27
Q

develops earlier than primary sensory areas and prefrontal cortex

A

primary motor areas

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28
Q

located behind the forehead

A

prefrontal cortex

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29
Q

as the _____ matures, the child is increasingly able to:

  • regulate or control emotions
  • plan activities
  • strategize
  • have better judgement
A

prefrontal cortex

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30
Q

process in which different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain

A

lateralization

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31
Q

logical thinkers are _____

A

left-brained

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32
Q

creative thinkers are ______

A

right-brained

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33
Q

brain’s ability to change, both physically and chemically, to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury

A

neuroplasticity

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34
Q

happens when the baby is shaken by someone and results can lead to severe medical problems, long-term physical disabilities such as blindness

A

shaken baby syndrome

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35
Q

sleep problems affect ___ to ___ percent of infants

A

15 to 25

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36
Q

most common sleep problem

A

nighttime waking

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37
Q

causes of sleep problems

A

parental factors

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38
Q

half of infant’s sleep is ____

A

rem sleep

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39
Q

physical milestone at ____ weeks old:

babies are able to hold up their heads

A

6

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40
Q

physical milestone at ____ months old:

  • able to sit alone
A

7

41
Q

dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space

A

posture

42
Q

development of posture at ____:

  • head erect
  • can lift their heads while prone
A

few weeks and soon

43
Q

development of posture at _____:

  • pull themselves up and hold on to a chair
A

8 to 9 months

44
Q

development of posture at _____:

  • cannot sit independently
A

6 to 7 months

45
Q

development of posture at ______:

  • sit while supported on a lap or an infant seat
A

2 months

46
Q

development of posture at ______:

  • can often stand alone
A

10 to 12 months

47
Q

2 types of grasp

A
  • palmar grasp
  • pincer grip
48
Q

grasping with the whole hand using the fingers and palm but no thumbs

A

palmar grasp

49
Q

grasping small objects using a forefinger or another finger and thumb

A

pincer grip

50
Q

at ____ months, infants rely greatly only to touch to determine how they will grip an object

A

4

51
Q

at _____ months, infants are more likely to use a vision as a guide

A

8

52
Q

process of copying the behavior of another person, group, or object, intentionally or unintentionally

A

imitation

53
Q

imitation is a ____ that accounts for many human skills, gestures, interests, attitudes, role behaviors, social customs, and verbal expressions

A

basic form of learning

54
Q

imitation according to ____ is a means by which young children profit from information that has been learned by previous generations

A

meltzoff & williamson

55
Q

copying of an act from a model

A

imitation

56
Q

3 conditions in imitation:

A
  • the perception of an act causes the observer’s response
  • the observer produces behavior similar to that of the model
  • the equivalence between the acts of self and other plays a role in generating the response
57
Q

goal of the observer in imitation

A

to match the target behavior

58
Q

three classical explanations of how infants first come to match the acts of others and solve the binding problem

A
  • operant conditioning
  • associative learning
  • piagetian theory
59
Q

who proposed that imitation is simply a special case of operant conditioning where the stimulus and response happen to match because of reinforcement or reward

A

skinner

60
Q

ability to reproduce the behavior of an absent model

A

deferred imitation

61
Q

close emotional bond between two people

A

attachment

62
Q

removal of children from the caregivers to whom they are attached

A

separation

63
Q

John Bowlby’s conceptualization of attachment has _____ phases

A

4

64
Q

infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures

A

phase 1 (birth - 2 months)

65
Q

children become aware of others’ feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions

A

phase 4 (24 months)

66
Q

specific attachments develop; with increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father

A

phase 3 (7 - 24 months)

67
Q

attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people

A

phase 2 (2 - 7 months)

68
Q

bowlby argued that infants develop a _____

A

internal working model of attachment

69
Q

a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving of nurturant care

A

internal working model of attachment

70
Q

internal working models is comprised of:

A
  • self model
  • other model
71
Q

model containing expectations regarding the essential goodness, trustworthiness and dependability of important others in one’s world

A

other model

72
Q

model containing perceptions of one’s own worth and lovability

A

self model

73
Q

two essential things needed for a healthy and secured attachment

A
  • the caregiver must be responsive to the child’s physical, social, and emotional needs
  • the caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions
74
Q

who continued studying the development of attachment in infants?

A

mary ainsworth

75
Q

laboratory test that measured an infant’s attachment to their parents

A

the strange situation

76
Q

4 attachment styles:

A
  • secure attachment
  • insecure avoidant attachment
  • insecure resistant attachment
  • insecure disorganized / disoriented attachment
77
Q

the child may cry during the separation but avoid the mother when she returns

A

insecure disorganized attachment

78
Q

the child may run away from or ignore the mother when she approaches

A

insecure avoidant attachment

79
Q

the child may be upset when the caregiver departs but is also happy to see the caregiver return

A

secure attachment

80
Q

the child is extremely distressed when the caregiver leaves but resistant when the caregiver returns

A

insecure resistant attachment

81
Q

most insecure style of attachment

A

insecure disorganized / disoriented attachment

82
Q

caregivers of _____ babies are sensitive to the baby’s signals and are constantly available to respond to their needs

A

securely attached

83
Q

caregivers of _____ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting

A

avoidant

84
Q

caregivers of ____ babies often neglect or physically abuse them

A

disorganized

85
Q

caregivers of ____ babies tend to be inconsistent; sometimes they respond to the baby’s needs and sometimes they don’t

A

resistant

86
Q

effects of separation

A
  • separation protest
  • stranger anxiety
  • social deprivation
  • reactive attachment disorder
87
Q

diagnosis for an infant who does not grow, develop, or gain weight on schedule and there is no known medical explanation for this failure

A

non-organic failure to thrive

88
Q

an infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves

A

separation protest

89
Q

those children experiencing neglectful situations and also displaying markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behavior, such as being inhibited and withdrawn, minimal social and emotional responsiveness to others, and limited positive affect may be diagnosed by _______

A

reactive attachment disorder

90
Q

an infant’s fear and wariness of strangers

A

stranger anxiety

91
Q

parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as the child explores the surroundings

A

secure base

92
Q

internal mental representations, developed in early close relationships between the self, attachment figures and the environment

A

internal working models

93
Q

emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

A

social referencing “reading”

94
Q

an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in prescribed order

A

strange situation

95
Q

babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver

A

insecure avoidant babies

96
Q

babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away

A

insecure resistant babies

97
Q

babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

A

securely attached babies

98
Q

babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented

A

insecure disorganized babies