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4th year finals > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is prevalence?

A

number of cases in a defined population at a single point in time and is expressed as a decimal or a percentage.

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2
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

percentage of true positives

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3
Q

what is specificity

A

percentage of true negatives (e.g. 90% specificity = 90% of people who do not have the target disease will test negative).

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4
Q

How to read a CTG?

A

DR C BRAVADO

Define Risk
Contractions
Bra: baseline rate
variability
Accelerations
decelerations
overall impression

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5
Q

What is fetal tachycardia?

A

baseline hr greater than 160 bpm

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6
Q

What is the baseline rate of fetal heart on ctg?

A

The baseline rate is the average heart rate of the fetus within a 10-minute window.

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7
Q

Causes of fetal tachycardia (5)

A

Fetal hypoxia
Chorioamnionitis
Hyperthyroidism
Fetal or maternal anaemia
Fetal tachyarrhythmia

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8
Q

What is fetal bradycardia?

A

Less than 110bpm

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9
Q

Causes of fetal bradycardia (5)

A

Prolonged cord compression
Cord prolapse
Epidural and spinal anaesthesia
Maternal seizures
Rapid fetal descent

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10
Q

Reduced variability on ctg can be caused by? (6)

A

Fetal sleeping: this should last no longer than 40 minutes (this is the most common cause)
Fetal acidosis (due to hypoxia): more likely if late decelerations are also present
Fetal tachycardia
Drugs: opiates, benzodiazepines, methyldopa and magnesium sulphate
Prematurity: variability is reduced at earlier gestation (<28 weeks)
Congenital heart abnormalities

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11
Q

Accelerations with uterine contractions on ctg is a sign of?

A

Healthy Fetus

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12
Q

How does Type 1 Resp failure present?

A

Hypoxaemia Pa02 <8kpa with Normocapnia (Pac02 <6kpa)

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13
Q

How does Type 2 Resp Failure present?

A

Hypoxemia Pa02 <8kpa with Hypercapnia Pac02 >6kpa

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14
Q

Name 3 causes of Type 1 Resp Failure/VQ Mismatch?

A

Pulmonary Oedema
Bronchoconstriction
Pulmonary Embolism

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15
Q

Name 7 causes of Type 2 Resp Failure with Hypoventilation?

A

COPD
Pneumonia
Rib Fractures
Obesity
Guillan Barre
Motor Neurone Disease
Opiates

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16
Q

What makes an ABG ph ACIDIC?

A

<7.35

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17
Q

What makes an ABG ph ALKALOTIC?

A

> 7.45

18
Q

CSF In Bacterial Meingitis? (5)

A

Cloudy and Turbid
Elevated Opening Pressure
Elevated WBC
Low Glucose
Elevated Protein

19
Q

CSF in Viral Meningitis? (5)

A

Clear
Normal or Elevated Open Pressure
Elevated WBC
Normal Glucose
Elevated Protein

20
Q

CSF in Tuberculosis Meningitis? (5)

A

Opaque with Fibrin Web
Elevated Opening Pressure
Elevated WBC
Low Glucose
Elevated Protein

21
Q

ALT is a useful marker of?

A

Hepatocellular Injury

22
Q

ALP is a useful marker of?

A

Cholestasis

23
Q

Isolated rise in ALP causes? (4)

A

Bony mets/tumours
Vit D Deficiency
Recent Bone fractures
Renal Oestrodystrophy

24
Q

Isolated rise in bilirubin causes? (2)

A

Gilbert’s Syndrome
Haemolysis

25
Q

Normal Urine and Normal Stools with jaundice =

A

Pre Hepatic Cause

26
Q

Dark Urine and Normal Stools with Jaundice =

A

Hepatic cause

27
Q

Dark Urine + Pale Stools with Jaundice =

A

Post Hepatic Cause (obstructive)

28
Q

Clear/Straw coloured ascitic fluid cause? (1)

A

Liver Cirrhosis

29
Q

Cloudy ascitic fluid cause (3)

A

Bacterial Peritonitis
Perforated Bowel
Pancreatitis

30
Q

Milk coloured ascitic fluid cause (3)

A

Lymphoma
TB
Malignancy

31
Q

Ascitic Fluid High SAAG =

A

Transudate

32
Q

Ascitic Fluid Low SAAG =

A

Exudate

33
Q

A high SAAG on ascitic fluid indicates?

A

Portal Hypertension

34
Q

How to differentiate between exudate and transudate on ascitic fluid?

A

Lactic Dehydrogenase Level

35
Q

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) is what?

A

First serum marker to be detected after initial infection

36
Q

Antibody to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (Anti HBs) indicates?

A

previous, cleared infection or vaccination

37
Q

Antibody to Hepatitis Core antigen indicates?

A

Recent infection

38
Q

Small for Gestational age is classified as?

A

<10th Centile

39
Q

Appropriate Weight for Gestational Age is classified as?

A

10th-90th Centile

40
Q

Large for Gestational age is classified as?

A

> 90th centile

41
Q

A sunken fontanelle may suggest

A

Dehydration

4th year finals (37 decks)

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